Ben has emphysema
Which of the statements about emphysema is correct?
- High blood pressure is a risk factor for emphysema
- animal fur can trigger emphysema
3.emphysema damages alveoli
4.smoking cigarettes is not linked to emphysema
(1 mark)
- emphysema damages alveoli
state one way in which the structure of the alveolus is adapted for its role in gaseous exchange
(1 mark)
-thin walls
-wall only 1 cell thick
-inner surface is moist
-large surface area
describe how gases are exchanged between a capillary and an alveolus as blood flows in the capillary
(3 marks)
-diffusion occurs
-the blood in the capillaries has a high concentration of carbon dioxide
-air in alveolus has a lower concentration of carbon dioxide than blood
-a diffusion concentration gradient is created
-blood at capillaries has a low concentration of oxygen
identify a respiratory malfunction
-emphysema
-asthma
-cystic fibrosis
aerobic respiration
glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water
compare this reaction with the one that takes place during anaerobic respiration
similarities:
-glucose is used
-ATP is produced
differences:
-anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid
-anaerobic respiration does not produce carbon dioxide or water
-anaerobic does not need oxygen
-anaerobic produces less ATP
Match the descriptions to the structure
BRONCHUS INTERCOSTAL DIAPHRAGM
PLEURAL TRACHEA BRONCHIOLE
- the airway that extends from the mouth to the lungs, also known as the windpipe
- a membrane that covers each lung and provides a lining for the rib cage
- a muscle that separates the chest cavity (thorax) from the digestive system
(3 marks)
- trachea
- pleural
- diaphragm
choose one and put it in the table
ASTHMA CYSTIC FIBROSIS EMPHYSEMA
- can be triggered by smoke/dust
- caused by chemicals in smoke
- caused by a defective gene
- mucus is produced thicker than normal
- asthma
- emphysema
- cystic fibrosis
- cystic fibrosis
identify which parts of the respiratory system carry out the following function
- covers the airway during swallowing to prevent food from entering the lungs
- produces sound and speech
- contains cartiladge to keep airway open even when lying down
- epiglottis
- larynx
- trachea (accept bronchus)
evaluate the possible methods and treatments available for emphysema
treatment:
-inhalers/bronchodilators widen the airways to make breathing easier
-oxygen therapy
-chest drain
-stop smoking
-corticosteroid drugs
-aims to stabilize the condition and prevent complications
tests:
-lung function test
-x-rays
-CT scans
explain how breathing takes place
breathing in:
-nervous messages are sent to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
-intercostal muscles (between the ribs) contract, raising the rib cage upwards and outwards
-diaphragm muscle contracts, moving in a downward direction
-pleural membranes are attached to lungs inside of the rib cage and diaphragm, therefore movement of the lungs is brought about
-air is brought into the lungs because of resultant pressure and volume changes
breathing out:
-nervous impulse stops and diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax
-rib cage swings down and in due to gravity
-diaphragm returns to its dome shaped position
-pressure/volume changes pushes the air out of the lungs
-diaphragm can put additional pressure on lungs to increase emptying of oxygen
The organ of the body which adds oxygen to the blood is the lungs.
Describe how this happens.
-gas exchange occurs in the alveoli
-air entering the alveolus has
relatively high oxygen concentration
-oxygen dissolves in thin moist layer
-diffuses quickly across wall of
alveolus (thin) and into capillary
(from pulmonary artery
-movement due to diffusion gradient
-oxygen attaches to haemoglobin in
RBC
-blood leaving the lungs in the pulmonary vein has high oxygen and low carbon dioxide levels
micky is a 13 year old boy with cystic fibrosis
Analyse the treatment and care Micky needs to support him in managing his condition.
treatment/care needs
-individual care plans : specific advice e.g. on puberty
-regular appointments with health care practitioners
-medications to reduce mucus production/thickness
-enzyme pills
-exercise plan
-antibiotics
-physiotherapy
analysis:
-needs will change with age and severity of his condition
-treatment and prevention of lung problems
-susceptible to lung infections such as flu
-exercise supports health but must be monitored due to breathing issues
ben has been advised of possible treatments for emphysema, including:
-using an inhaler
-going to a rehabilitation programme
-having surgery
evaluate 2 possible treatments for emphysema
(8 marks)
inhalers:
+ widen and relax airways
+easy to use
+use regularly
+work immediately
-only use 4x a day
-take higher dose than required
-need to be able to breathe in sufficiently to get the medication
rehabilitation programme:
+improve emotional well-being
+education about the condition
+meet others
+managed exercise programme
+dietary advice
-need to attend clinic/hospital- transport is required
surgery:
+removing damaged part of lung- improve function of the healthy part
+remove air pockets making it easier to breathe
-not suitable for many
-major operation involves risks
-post operative care
-shortage of donors
-can leave scarring
-donor organs can reject
which process allows oxygen to pass through the alveoli walls?
-assimilation
-absorption
-diffusion
-inspiration
diffusion
evaluate the lifestyle changes and care needed to help an individual manage emphysema
-give up smoking (slow progress of the disease)
-avoid air pollution (improve breathing)
-home help (remain at home) (lose independence)
identify one possible cause for each of these malfunctions
asthma:
emphysema:
asthma:
-genetic
-narrowing of airways. muscles in bronchioles constrict
-walls of bronchioles become inflamed
- production of mucus
-allergen triggers
emphysema:
-smoking
-dust
-air trapping
-occupational hazards
