Histology > Lymphoid Organs > Flashcards

Lymphoid Organs Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

What does the immune system of humans lack

A

An immunological memory

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2
Q

What are the components of the innate immune system

A

Barriers against invasion, phagocytes, a cascade of plasma proteins that form an enzyme system and defends against bacteria and extracellular killers

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3
Q

Examples of extracellular killers

A

Lymphocytes and eosinophils

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4
Q

What is the major role high specificity adaptive immune system

A

Destruction

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5
Q

What must the immune system have the ability to do

A

Distinguish from self and non-self

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6
Q

What occurs when the immune system fails to distinguish between self and non-self

A

An autoimmune disease occurs

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7
Q

Characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

Slower to react, highly flexible, very specific, based on lymphocytes and a vast array of genetically determined cell surface receptors

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8
Q

What is the major role of the adaptive immune system

A

Destruction

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9
Q

What happens when the tolerance of lymphocytes breaks down

A

The immune system fails to distinguish between self and non-self

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10
Q

What are organs of the immune system known as

A

Lymphoid organs

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11
Q

How are lymph organs linked

A

By the blood vascular and lymphatic vascular systems

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12
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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13
Q

What do the primary lymphoid organs do

A

Sites of lymphocyte production and maturation

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14
Q

What are the secondary lymph organs

A

Spleen, lymph nodes and lymph nodules

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15
Q

What occurs within the secondary lymph organs

A

The lymphocytes migrate to these organs and aggregate in large numbers

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16
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes

A

B cells, T cells and natural killer cells

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17
Q

What do B cells produce

A

Antibodies

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18
Q

What do T cells participate in

A

Cellular immunity

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19
Q

What are the three forms of T cells

A

Helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells and suppressor T cells

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20
Q

Function of natural killer cells

A

Kill virus infected cells and some tumour cells

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21
Q

How are cells of the immune system identified

A

Using immunohistochemistry

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22
Q

Where are B and T cells produced

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A

In the bone marrow

23
Q

Where is the thymus located

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A

In the mediastinum

24
Q

What subdivides the thymus

25
Structure of the lobules of the thymus
Highly cellular outer cortex and a less cellular inner medulla
26
What is contained within the cortex of the thymus
Large number of T cells, epithelioreticular cells and macrophages
27
What does the medulla of the thymus contain
Fewer T cells that are less tightly packed and larger and epithelioreticular cells
28
What part of the thymus are the immature T cells found
Cortex
29
What process do the immature T cells go through
Proliferation, maturation and a selection process
30
What occurs to the T cells that fail the processes
They undergo apoptosis and are phagocytosed by macrophages
31
What happens to T cells that survive
They enter the medulla and interact with the epithelioreticular cells and present self antigens
32
What are the whorls of epithelial cells found in the medulla of the thymus called and what else do they contain
Hassall's corpsucles and keratin
33
What does the system of lymphatic vessels and accociated lymph nodes allow
The drainage of lymph into the vascular system, surveillance of tissue for signs of antigens and the delivery of absorbed fats from the small intestine
34
Structure of lymphatic vessels
Thin walled, lined by endothelium and anchored to the tissue by filaments
35
Areas of clusters of lymph nodes
Neck, axilla and groin
36
How do lymphocytes enter the lymph node
Via the incoming lymph or the blood stream
37
What are the circular aggregations with the lymph node known as and what do they contain
Follicles and B cells
38
What are the densely pack follicles of the lymph node called
Primary follicles
39
What is the centre of active lymph node follicles called
The germinal centre
40
What does the germinal centre of lymph follicles contain
Actively dividing B calls
41
What surrounds the germinal centre of the lymph follicle
Mantle zone
42
What is within the mantle zone
Resting B cells
43
What is within the paracortical region of the lymph node
T cells and high endothelial venules
44
What lines the high endothelial venules
Cuboidal epithelium
45
What is within the medulla of the lymph node
Medullary sinuses and medullary cords that contain plasma cells and macrophages
46
What areas do the developing B cells go through in the lymph node
Form a follicle in the superficial cortex, to the paracortex and finally into the medulla
47
What are aggregations of lymph in the gut known as
GALT
48
What is aggregations of lymph in the respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract known as
MALT
49
Examples of aggregations of lymphoid tissue
Waldeyer's ring and payer's patches
50
Functions of the spleen
Immune response against blood-borne antigens, removes particulate matter and aged blood cells and produces blood cells during foetal life
51
Structure of the spleen
Composed of white pulp nodules surrounded by red pulp
52
What makes up the white pulp
Either T or B cells
53
What is contained within the red pulp
Blood filled capillaries with discontinuous endothelium and sinuses
54
What happens to old RBCs within the spleen
They lyse and become phagocytosed by macrophages associated with the sinuses
Histology
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