M1: Macromolecules

Question 1

macromolecule

Answer 1

complex molecule made up of smaller subunits

Question 2

4 types of macromolecules

Answer 2

1. proteins
2. nucleic acids
3. lipids
4. carbohydrates (polysaccharides)

Question 3

proteins overview

Answer 3

• polymers of amino acids

- most abundant macromolecule

Question 4

functions of proteins (3)

Answer 4

• movement of materials into and out of cell
• serve as enzymes
• provide structure

Question 5

amino acids, # essential amino acids

Answer 5

20, 9

Question 6

largest protein

Answer 6

titin (has 33,000+ amino acids)

Question 7

nucleic acids overview

Answer 7

• chemical molecules that carry genetic info w/in cell

- 2 major types: RNA + DNA

Question 8

DNA

Answer 8

• aka deoxyribonucleic acid
• responsible for inherited characteristics of organism
• found in nucleus

Question 9

RNA

Answer 9

• aka ribonucleic acid
• deciphers hereditary info from DNA & uses that info to make proteins
• found in nucleus, can leave

Question 10

nucleotides

Answer 10

• building blocks of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

- made up of nitrogenous base + sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) + phosphate group

Question 11

nitrogenous bases in DNA (4)

Answer 11

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

Question 12

nitrogenous bases in RNA (4)

Answer 12

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Urasil

Question 13

purine bases (2)

Answer 13

A + G

Question 14

pyramidine bases (2)

Answer 14

C + T/U

Question 15

structural composition of DNA

Answer 15

• nitrogenous bases protrude outward
• 2 strands form double helix
• nitrogenous bases of each strand form hydrogen bonds to hold the 2 strands together
• A bonds with T, G bonds with C

Question 16

structural composition of RNA

Answer 16

• single stranded
• sugar = ribose
• A bonds with U (not T)

Question 17

lipids overview

Answer 17

• mainly made up of hydrophobic hydrocarbons

- typically form lipid bilayer, where hydrophobic tails point inward and hydrophilic heads point outward

Question 18

lipids function

Answer 18

form foundation of plasma membrane (lipid bilayer)

Question 19

plasma membrane functions (2)

Answer 19

• makes a barrier separating inside of cell from outside environment
• restricts movement of materials in and out of cell

Question 20

carbohydrates overview

Answer 20

• made up of C, H, and O
• formula = (CH2O)n
• 3 groups

Question 21

types of carbohydrates (3)

Answer 21

1. monosaccharides
2. disaccharides
3. polysaccharides

Question 22

monosaccharides (3)

Answer 22

single sugar units

• glucose
• fructose
• galactose

Question 23

disaccharides (3)

Answer 23

2 sugar units

• sucrose (glucose + fructose)
• maltose (glucose + glucose)
• lactose (glucose + galactose)

Question 24

polysaccharides (2)

Answer 24

3+ sugar units

• starch (found in plants)
• glycogen (found in animals)