What is MHC class II?
-expressed on APCs, present engulfed pathogens to Th cells (CD4+)
What is MHC class I?
Expressed on all nucleated cells (except neurons), present pathogens —> cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
What is MS
Neuroimmunological disorder of the CNS
- RRMS
- PPMS
- CD4+ T cells
- model EAE
What is GBS?
- neuroimmunological disorder of the PNS
- damage to myelin
- decreased nerve conduction (Na and K)
What is Myasthenia Gravis?
- neuroimmunological disease of the PNS
- attack on nAchRs
- antibody mediated
- NMJ
What are types of encephalitis and their main causes
-herpes encephalitis: TLR3 deficiency
- HIV encephalitis: Trojan horse hypothesis (perivascular macrophage)
- infected CD4+ cells
- HIV meningencephalitis
- Rabies encephalitis
- RV binds to nAChRs
What is PML
- caused by JC virus
- alters T cell functions
- result of immunosuppressive treatment (such as HIV, or Tysabri - MS trtment)
Causes of bacterial meningitis
- streptococcus pneumonia
- neisseria meningitis (most common)
If NOS is inhibited in the presence of high K+, what happens?
Vasoconstriction
NOS usually has a vasodilating effect in high K+ conditions
What NT is involved in each area?
VLPO
LH
TMN
raphé kern
LDT BV
LC
VTA
VLPO - GABA
LH - orexin
TMN - histamine
raphé kern - 5HT
LDT BV - ACh
LC - NE
VTA - dopamine
BMAL and clock are…
+ transcription factors linked to pet and cry (genes)
Crucial in maintaining circadian rhythms
What is the interaction bw neurotrophin and TyrK receptor?
- Binding
- Dimerization and autophosphorylation
- Substrate binding and substrate phosphorylation
What are the 2 signaling cascades that NTs activate?
- P13k/Act
- indirectly decreases apoptosis by promoting outgrowth - MAPKinase
- delays apoptosis w signaling molecules - blocks cytochrome C
Kinematic info involves:
- group 1a afferent
- gamma motorneuron
- alpha motorneuron
- 1a inhibitory
- muscle spindle
—> stretch reflex
Kinetic info involves:
- group 1b afferent
- 1b inhibitory
- golgi tendon neutron
—> golgi tendon reflex
Motor and descending (efferent pathways) :
- pyramidal tracts (including lateral corticospinal tract)
- extrapyrimidal tracts
Sensory and ascending (afferent) pathways
- dorsal column medial lemniscus system
- spinocerebellar tracts
- anterolateral system
Indirect sympathomimetics
Amphetamine
Cocaine
MAO/COMT inhibitors
Antiepileptic drugs
Phenytoin
Phenobarbital
Carbamazepine
—> all treat generalized tonic clonic and partial seizures
Valoroic acid —> treats absence seizures
Migraine - drugs to abort an attack:
- aspirin like analgesics
- opioid like analgesics
- ergot alkaloids
- Serotonin agonists
Migraine - drugs for prophylaxis
- beta blockers
- calcium channel blockers
- TCAs
Opiod action
+PAG
+ NRPH
- dorsal horn
- periphery
Antidepressant mechanisms
- NE uptake blockade
- 5HT uptake blockade
- DA uptake blockade
- histamine blockade
- mAChR blockade
- alpha 1 receptor blockade
Hill Langmuir equation (plested)
y = ymax • (x^n / K + x^n)
n = the Hill slope
