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M4: Classification & Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:

Why do we classify organisms?

A

To allow identification of similar organisms in order to create specific groups

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2
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What’s a Domain?

A

Highest taxonomic rank

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3
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What are the 3 Domains?

A
  • Archaea
  • Eubacteria
  • Eukaryote
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4
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

A
  • Protoctists
  • Plants
  • Prokaryotes
  • Animals
  • Fungi
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5
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What’s the Phylum?

A

Groups organisms according to body plan
* Backbone or not

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6
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What’s a Species?

A

Group of organisms that can interbreed to give fertile offspring

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7
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What does Directly Keeping Pants Clean Often Favours Good Sex stand for?

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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8
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What Domain do Humans belong to?

A

Domain: Eukaryote

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9
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Kingdom do Humans belong to?

A

Domain: Animalia

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10
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Phylum do Humans belong to?

A

Phylum: Chordata

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11
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Class do Humans belong to?

A

Class: Mammalia

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12
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Order do Humans belong to?

A

Order: Primates

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13
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Family do Humans belong to?

A

Family: Hominidae

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14
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Genus do Humans belong to?

A

Genus: Homo

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15
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Species do Humans belong to?

A

Species: sapiens

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16
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Binomial System

What’s the Binomial System?

( 2 latin names)

A
  • Universal across countries & languages
  • Same organism may have different local names
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17
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Animalia Kingdom share?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • No cell wall
  • Multicellular
  • Nucleus & other membrane bound organelles
  • Heterotrophic
  • Food stored as glycogen
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18
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Plantae Kingdom share?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Autotrophic
  • Food stored as starch
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19
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Fungi Kingdom share?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Chitin cell wall
  • Usually multicellular
  • Can be unicellular (yeast)
  • Have mycelium
  • Seprophytic feeders
  • Food stored as glycogen
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20
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Prokaryotae Kingdom share?

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus (circular DNA)
  • Absorb nutrients or produce internally by photosynthesis
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21
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Protoctista Kingdom share?

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular organism or colony of single cells
  • Some have chloroplasts
  • Move using cillia, flagellum & amoeboid mechanism
  • Autotrophic or Heterotrophic or both
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22
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Systems

What’s Artificial meant by Classification?

A

Classification based on observed characteristics

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23
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Systems

What’s the Issue w Artificial Classification?

A

Organisms adapt to their environment : often look similar if they live in a similar habitat

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24
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Systems

What’s meant by Convergent Evolution?

A

Process where organisms that arent closely related independently evolve similar traits

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25
# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Systems What's meant by Natural Classification?
Classifications based on evolutionary relationships * Evidence used from DNA sequences & amino acid sequences ↳ mutations in DNA alter proteins → characteristics
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods How are DNA Sequences used in Classification
* Changes in DNA = mutations * More differences there are = less closely related 2 species are ↳ would've evolved separately for a longer time period
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods What's DNA Hybridisation?
Combining 2 complementrary DNA strands forming 1
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods What's Step 1 For DNA Hybridisation? | (step 1)
DNA from 2 species is extracted, purified & cut into small species
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods What's Step 2 for DNA Hybridisation? | (Step 2)
DNA is heated to about 90°C ↳ breaks H bonds
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods What's Step 3 for DNA Hybridisation? | (step 3)
On colling, strands combine w others that have a complementary base sequence * More similar = more H bonds ↳ takes higher temp to separate
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods What are the Uses of Hybridisation?
* Recently used to aid in classification of flowering plants ↳ no longer using number of leaves
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods Why's Cytochrome C used as a Comparison Amino Acid?
All organisms have mitochondria/similar protein
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Immunological Comparison Methods Why are Antibodies used in Immunological Comparison?
Antibodies = proteins = amino sequence * Hence antibodies of 1 species will respond to specific antigens on proteins in the blood serum of another
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Immunological Comparison Methods What's the 1st Step of Immunological Comparison? | (step 1)
Take serum from 2 different species
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Immunological Comparison Methods What's the 2nd Step of Immunological Comparison? | (step 2)
Mix serums together
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Immunological Comparison Methods What's the 3rd Step of Immunological Comparison? | (step 3)
Response= formation of precipitate ↳ antigens clump together * Greater precipitate = more antigens in common ↳ more closely related the species
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Carl Woose Why do we have 3 Domains?
Extremophiles found theirselves fitting in multiple categories * New based on: **ribosomal RNA**, ** cell membrane structure** & **flagella** structure
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Carl Woose Whose Carl Woese?
* Introduced Domain as a new taxonomic rank * Molecular bio now given greater weight than other features
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the Cell Structure like of Bacteria?
Prokaryotic
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the Cell Structure like of Archaea?
Prokaryotic
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the Cell Structure like of Eukarya?
Eukaryotic
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the DNA like in Bacteria?
Circular
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the DNA like in Archaea?
Circular
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the DNA like in Eukarya?
Linear
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What are Membrane Bound Organelles like in Bacteria?
None * 70S ribosomes
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What are Membrane Bound Organelles like in Archaea?
None * 70S ribosomes
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What are Membrane Bound Organelles like in Eukarya?
Present * 80S ribosomes
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Are Intons present in Bacteria?
No
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Are Intons present in Archaea?
Some
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Are Introns present in Eukarya?
Yes
51
# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's RNA polymerase like in Bacteria?
5 proteins
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's RNA polymerase like in Archaea?
8-10 proteins
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's RNA polymerase like in Eukarya?
12 proteins
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Bacteria grow at 100°C?
No
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Archaea grow at 100°C?
Some can
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Eukarya grow at 100°C?
No
57
# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Bacteria have a Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan?
Yes
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Archaea have a Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan?
No
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Eukarya have a Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan?
No
60
# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Bacteria have a Cytoskeleton?
No
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Archaea have a Cytoskeleton?
Yes
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Eukarya have a Cytoskeleton?
Yes
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Bacteria be poisoned by Diptherite Toxins? | (beacterial toxins)
No
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Archaea be poisoned by Diptherite Toxins? | (beacterial toxins)
Yes
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Eukarya be poisoned by Diptherite Toxins? | (beacterial toxins)
Yes
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Is Bacteria sensitive to Streptomycin? | (antibiotic?
Yes
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Is Archaea sensitive to Streptomycin? | (antibiotic?
No
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Is Eukarya sensitive to Streptomycin? | (antibiotic?
No
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Phylogeny What's meant by Phylogeny?
Evolutionary relationshios between organisms ↳ looks t how closely organisms are related
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Phylogeny What's meant by Monophyletic?
Belongs to same phylogenetic group * e.g humans & gorillas
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution What's Evolution?
Slow & continuous change of organisms from a generation to the next
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Darwin) What are the 4 Observations Darwin made about Evolution?
* Organisms produce more offsprings than survive * There's variation in characteristics of members of the same species * Some characteristics are passed off randomly from a generation to the next * Best adapted individuals = more likely to survive
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Darwin) How do individuals in a population show Variation?
Their phenotypes ↳ physical characteristics
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Darwin) What's meant by Selection Pressures?
Biotic factors ( predators, diseases & competition) ↳ create struggles for survival
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Darwin) How are different characteristics passed onto an offspring?
* Variation allows an individual to develop a random characteristic through mutation * Characteristic could be advantageous & individual reproduces to produce an offspring w that characteristic * Over time, this is passed onto a wider population ↳ causes evolution
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Wallace) How did Wallace contribute to Evolution?
Came up w Natural Selection
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Wallace) What's meant by Natural Selection?
Best adapted organism survives to reproduce & pass on its characteristics to its offsprings
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evidence for Evolution How's Fossil Record Evidence for Evolution? | ( fossils = organism's preserved remains as rocks )
* Arranged into chronological order * Observe gradual changes in organisms
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evidence for Evolution How's DNA Evidence for Evolution?
* Closely related species **diverged** more recently * Evolution caused by gradual changes in DNA sequences * Organisms that have **diverged** more recently, have more similar DNA ↳ less time for DNA sequence to change
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evidence for Evolution What's Molecular Evidence for Evolution?
Scientists compare sequences of amino acids in proteins & compare antibodies * Organisms **diverged** more quickly have similar amino acid sequence
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance What's Pesticide?
Chemicals that kills pests
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance Which type of organisms have become Pesticide Resistant?
Insects
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance How have Insects become Pesticide Resistant?
Process of Natural Selection * exposure to pesticide only = development of resistance ↳ later passed onto offsprings
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance How have Pesticide Resistant Insects affected Humans?
* Difficult to control crop infestations ↳ insects = resistant to lots of different pesticides ↳ hard to identify which would kill it & crop is damaged * Use of broaded pesticides (kills range of insects) ↳ may kill beneficial insects * If disease-carrying insect becomes pesticide resistant ↳ there's an increase in spread of disease
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance How are Implications caused by Pesticide Resistant Insects Solved?
New pesticides are produced ↳ takes time & is expensive
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Drug Resistance How have Drug Resistant Microorganisms caused Implications onto Humans?
* Infections caused by drug-resistant microorganisms = harder to treat ↳ difficult to discovery what would get rid of infection ↳ patient will become more ill or die * Pathogen may become resitance to all drugs
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance How are Implications caused by Drug Resistant Microorganisms Solved?
New drugs developed ↳ takes time & expensive
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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** What's meant by Interspecific Variation?
Variation (differences) between members of different species
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What's meant by Intraspecific Variation?
Variation (differences) between members of the same species
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What's meant by Continuous Variation?
Variation controlled by both genes & environment * Quantitative: features can be measured
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What are Examples of Continuous Variation?
* Height * Weight * Heart rate * Finger Length * Leaf Length
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How's Continuous Variatioj representated?
Line graph
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What's Continuous Variation controlled by?
A lot of genes & environment * range of phenotypes between 2 extremes
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What's meant by Discontinuous Variation?
Controlled by genes * Qualitative: features that can't be measured
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What are Examples of Discontinuous Variation?
* Tongue rolling * Finger prints * Eye colour * Blood group
96
How's Discontinuous Variation represented?
Bar graph
97
What's Discontinuous Variation controlled by?
A few genes * limited number of phenotypes with no intermediates
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