1
Q
What is governance
A
- The process through which people make decisions that guide their collective lives
- Machinery in action
- Understanding the context in which it is done
2
Q
Four pillars of governance in Canada
A
- Liberal democracy
- Constitutional monarchy
- Responsible government
- Federalism
- Governance evolves into good governance which provides standards to evaluate the machinery in motion
3
Q
Governance defined - it is the answer to the following questions
A
- Who makes decisions about the public good
Legislature - it provides the process by which the public is represented - How are decisions about the public good made
Legislature - structures how citizens determine what public good is - How are decisions about the public good implemented
Executive executes the decisions and laws, judiciary resolves any conflicts
4
Q
State
A
An organized political community occupying a definite territory, having an organized government and possessing internal/external sovereignty
5
Q
Government
A
A body that has the authority to enforce, the power to make rules and laws in the state
6
Q
Legislature
A
The branch of government with the power to make laws that also has representative capacities
7
Q
Executive
A
The branch of government charged with implementing and executing the law and running day to day affairs of government
8
Q
Judiciary
A
Branch of government with the power to resolve legal conflicts that arise between citizens, citizens and government or between levels of government
9
Q
Rule of Law
A
No individual stands above the law and that government is answerable to the law
10
Q
Liberal democracy
A
A form of gov by which
- Decision making power is exercised by the people
- Rights and freedoms are protected for minorities from the majority
- They are protected by a written constitution, statutory law or case law
- Widely differing political and social views that are allowed to exist to compete for political power through periodic elections
11
Q
Two types of liberal democracy
A
- Constitutional republic - highest form of power is an individual not a monarch (ex UN)
- Constitutional monarchy - monarch is highest power
12
Q
Constitutional monarchy
A
Form of government established under a formal system that acknowledges an elected or hereditary monarch as the head of state
13
Q
Three parts of Canada’s constitutional monarchy
A
- Crown - made of the queen and her reps
- Parliament - Federal = crown + HOC + Senate, Provincial = Crown + prov legislature
- Judiciary - courts
14
Q
Constitution Act, 1867
A
- The “operating system” for Canada
- Vets executive power in the Queen
- Provides a parliament for Canada - Queen, elected/non elected members
- Makes specific provisions for the exercise of legislative power by parliament
- Provides for the establishment of a judiciary
- Section 91/92 - what areas of law fed/prov can make
- Section 93-95 - some fed jurisdictions have to work together to make law
15
Q
Conventions
A
- Consists of unwritten rules and principals that are known, understood and accepted by those who hold elected and appointed office
- Most important convention is responsible government
16
Q
Responsible government
A
- System of liberal democracy where an elected government is responsible to an elected legislature rather than to the monarch
- In Canada - that means that PM and Cabinet must always have the confidence of a majority of elected members of HOC
- Those who exercise power are responsible to the people
17
Q
Historical responsible government
A
- Comes from 1830-1840 and the Durham Report
- Upper and lower Canada rebelled because they were angry that the executive was appointed by cabinet
- Lord Durham introduced concept that those executing law are responsible to the people
18
Q
Ministerial Responsibility
A
- Principle that ministers (members of cabinet) are:
1. Individually responsible to the parliament for the exercise of powers assigned to them and their departments - held accountable through question period
2. Collectively responsible to parliament for decisions of the cabinet
19
Q
Party government
A
System of government where political parties are the primary method of political organization
20
Q
Political parties
A
Freely formed private coalitions of citizens who pursue shared political interests by having their candidates elected in hopes of forming gov or by simply advancing a policy agenda or promoting their definition of the public interest
21
Q
Federalism
A
- System of government in which power is divided between a central gov and provinces/states or where each level of gov has its own powers and obligations to provide services and raise revenues
- Every province has its own: crown, legislature, judiciary
- Territories are given power by devolution and most revenues come from the fed gov
- Residual power is with the federal gov
22
Q
Municipalities
A
- Only exist because provs allow them to - authority given by constitution (with whatever powers/structures they see fit)
- No constitutional power or formal legal recognition
- Issues are around budgets
- It spawns intergov relations - try to figure out how to exercise their power in a coordinated way
23
Q
Legislatures - 3 key functions
A
- Representation
- Law-making
- Oversight
24
Q
Legislature and Representation
A
- Primary method whereby citizens choose spokespeople to represent themselves in deliberations over the common good
- Their needs and concerns are brought into the policy process
- This leads to less things that are prescribed and more debates
25
Legislature and Legislation
- Primary process by which citizens deliberate over the common good
- Primary goal is to allow the majority to make decisions effectively/efficiently while protecting the rights of the minority and giving each member the right to voice their opinion
26
Legislature and Oversight
- Legislature's duty to hold the executive accountable for how it implements legislation
3 ways of holding them accountable
1. Legislative activities - question period - members of legislation question the exec on how they are doing their job
2. Legislative committees - happens during 2nd reading of new bills, claus by claus review, also review departments and budgets
3. Offices and officers - independent offices with different functions - ex auditor general who reviews how gov spends money
27
The Executive - 3 components
- Branch of gov with the authority to give effect, execute or implement laws as passed by the legislature
3 Components
1. Symbolic executive
2. Political executive
3. Permanent executive
28
Symbolic executive In Canada
- Official who fulfills the symbolic role of HOS
- Constitution - Queen = HOS, executive power is hers
- Convention - GG/LG are bound to act on the advise of elected reps who belong to the party that has the confidence of the legislature
29
Political executive in Canada
- Political reps who exercise authority over the direction of gov action (elected officials)
- In Canada, the political executive is the Cabinet/Ministry
- Fed = PM, Prov = Premiers
30
Permanent executive
- Public admin - the system of authority, people, offices and methods that political executives use to achieve defined objectives
- Normally divided into specialized depts, each with its own piece of foundational legislation
- Mandated by the legislature to operative and give effect to laws in certain areas
31
Local governance
- Governance impacts people's lives at the local level because many public services are delivered at that level
- Heart of local gov is the council - primary method by which citizens within the geographic area of the municipality can elect reps to exercise power given by the municipality
- Council is executive and legislative in one with no distinguished executive
- Mayor's power is delegated from council - only has power to influence moral authority and call press conferences
32
Good governance and elections
- The foundation of good governance is the right to free and fair elections include in the 1984 universal declaration of human rights
- Elections are the primary method used by citizens to select their reps
- Many international bodies have adopted this to describe good governance where elections are concerned
- Districting
- Election Admin
- Suffrage and registration
- Civic education
- Candidates, political parties and campaign spending
- Media access/freedom of speech and expression
- Balloting
- Election observation
- Resolution of election disputes
33
Good governance and elections - Districting
- Good governance requires that election systems provide for the organization of clearly demarcated voting districts
- Need a clear transparent process for how they are drawn
- Elections Canada does the riding creation
34
Good governance and elections - Election Administration
- Good governance requires that election commissions/bodies are in place to ensure that the election machinery functions
- Training programs, establishing actual voting process, printing ballots, counting them
- Needs to be an independent body of some type - if it reports to gov it questions the independence of results
- Elections Canada reports to the legislature which has set out their responsibilities for carrying out the election
35
Good governance and elections - Suffrage + Registration
- Good governance requires that election systems clearly state who has the right to vote
- Age, citizenship, residency and mental requirements
- Registration is an ongoing permanent system so they know who can vote and the info is available to parties
36
Good governance and elections - Civic Education
- Good governance requires that election commissions provide timely info to the public about all key election procedures
- Presented in language that includes minorities
37
Good governance and elections - Candidates, Political Parties and Campaign Spending
- Equal treatment of candidates - needs to be fairness for who can run, funding needs to be equal for everyone, need periodic financial reporting
38
Good governance and elections - Media Access/Freedom of Speech and Expression
- Good governance requires that political parties and candidates be provided with access to media and equal treatment in media owned and controlled by the state
- All candidates must be offered the same ad rate
- Elections Canada prescribes when media can occur
39
Good governance and elections - Balloting
- Good governance requires secrecy of the vote, mobile voting etc
- No individual ballot should be marked by a voter
- Voters to have access to voting if they can't go to the poll
- Counting ballots - observation = open transparent process
- Public announcements about poll by poll results
40
Good governance and elections - Resolution of election disputes
- Good governance requires the provisions of mechanisms and remedies to effectively enforce citizen's electoral rights
- Needs to be appealable to the courts in some way
41
Chief Electoral Officer
- Appointed by and responsible to Parliament - 10 year term
- Has overall responsibility for the federal electoral process under the Canada Elections Act
- Can only be removed by specific cause by GG
- Salary can only change with legislature changes, which increases independance
42
Returning Officers
- Responsible for actually conducting elections in each constituency
- Appointed to give more independence to elections
- Cannot be seen as having political affialiation
43
Calling Elections
- Constitutionally must be held every 5 years
- PM/Premier asks to have Parliament dissolved and have writ of election sent to ROs by CEO - this initiates the election
- Once the election is called, the Canada elections act regulates how/when elections take place
- Minimum 36 day period
44
The Right to Vote
- The franchise is the key stone in the arch of the modern system of political rights in the country
- Sec 3 of CR+F - every citizen can vote and quality for membership
- The Canadian Elections Act sets out general qualifications for voting as well as the categories of persons DQ from voting
- Need to maintain year round residency in riding exceptions for students and Canadian forces
45
Political Parties
- Vote for individuals, not parties
- Parties can register provided they:
Successfully nominate at least 1 individual for election and submit application 60 days before issue of writ
- Ballots used to have name, address and job of candidate and no party affiliation
46
Election Expenses
- 2003 - major reform of electoral and campaign finance laws
- Ban on political donations by corporations and unions (limited advertising allowed)
- Limits on individual contributions
- Limits on individual candidate's expenses
- Registration of constituency agencies
- Limits on nomination/leadership campaign expenses
- Enhanced public financing
47
Electoral Candidacy
- Qualifications - CEA establishes who can/can't run for fed
- Nomination - formal process of nomination requires the prep of a nomination paper containing
Name/address of candidate
Candidate's agent (legally resp for the receipt, disbursement and account for expenses)
Candidate's auditor
Must be signed by minimum 100 electors in the riding
1000 dollar deposit
- Party affiliation - members of the political party in the riding vote (lot of effort spent signing up new people)
48
Advertising and Broadcasting
- The CEA prohibits ads/broadcasting during specific election times
- Requires broadcasters to make time available to political parties
- Provides registered parties with free broadcasting time
- Offered at the same rate to everyone
49
Third Party Advertising/Broadcasting
- Individuals who aren't candidates or political parties
| - New regulations limit the amount of moneys pent per riding and overall - this increases the longer the election
50
Good Legislative Governance - Representation
- Openness, accountability and accessibility between a legislature and citizens and media
- Unfettered interaction between the legislature and society
- Openness of political parties to public input
- Rigorous electoral system
51
Good Legislative Governance - Law Making
- Clear distribution of powers between legis + exec
- Clear description of legislative powers of exec - how independent they are depends on the type of gov - with a minority gov, they are more independent and there is more debating
- Ability of legislation to access info from bureaucracy - need to be informed to make good laws
- Clear roles for committees and party caucuses - committees are the source of deliberation
- power and capacity of legislation to develop, amend and review budget and levy taxes
52
Good Legislative Governance - Oversight
- Power to question ministers, hold meetings, call witnesses - need to be able to explain what/how it happened
- Ability to access info about exec expenditures and program implement
53
Good Legislative Governance - Management and Infrastructure
- Clarity, Transparency, and simplicity of legislative rules of procedure - in Canada, standing orders define this
- Degree of transparency of legislative actions - good/clear/transparent record keeping
- Adequacy in skill and number of legislative staff and administration
54
The Canadian Experience - Legislative Changes
- Since 1970s, most Canadian legislatures have evolved into full time, professional administrative institutions
- Previous to that they were mostly part time (spring and fall sittings)
- Scope of government increased so legislatures needed to sit more often (increase in social programs and economics)
- Most legislatures underwent the process of professionalization after Ontario - not all are full time (ex PEI)
- This has led to an increase in oversight capacities
55
House Leader
- Most non partisan member of each party caucus that meet 2-6 times a week and hash out speaker/administrative agenda
56
How Laws are Made - Notice
- Before a bill is introduced in the house, it needs a min 48 hour notice by being provided to the clerk for publishing in agendas
- Needs specific title and date
57
How Laws are Made - First Reading
- Introduction of bill to the house
- Sponsor gets up and reads title and hands copy to clerk
- Maybe a brief summary but first reading is typically very brief
58
How Laws are Made - Second Reading
- The heart of law-making and deliberation over common good in the Canadian government
- 1st stage - Debate in Principle - each party gets an allocation of time to talk about the principles behind the legislation. When the time is up they move the issue to committee
Committee Review
- 2nd stage - Claus by Claus review of bill by small member groups of legislature that provide bill review
- Includes public consultations
- Length is determined by the house leader meetings
- Recommendations are made to the legislature for any changes - the sponsor will consider and make changes if necessary
59
How Laws are Made - Third Reading
- Basic reading of bill, with more detail and changes from committee
- Length of third reading is generally short but it depends if the bill is being voted on
60
How Laws are Made - Royal Assent
- After vote passes the clerk takes the bill to LG/GG to sign
61
How Laws are Made - In Force
- Legally enforced
- Some bills will say upon royal assent this law is enforced
- Retroactive is commonly used for budget
- Proclamation - whenever the gov proclaims it to be enforced it is in force
- Hybrid - some parts in force now, some later
- Silence - sometimes in force claus was missing
62
How Laws are Made - Senate
- Same steps
- They focus on committee work because they have less constraints and also participate in public consultations
- If the Senate makes changes to better the bill, it will go back to the HOC and they will go to sponsor and implement changes
- If Senate was to vote down a bill the HOC can go through the process again 180 days later and pass the bill without senate input
63
How Laws are Made - Committee of the Whole
- Happens at committee review stage
- Standing Committees - established to deal with policy in their prescribed area (social, environmental etc) generally review bills in their legislation
- All committees come together to expedite review process
- Used for bills that need to be expedited through the HOC
64
How Laws are Made - Steps
1. Notice
2. First Reading
3. Second Reading --> PROV - Debate in Principle/Committee Review (claus by claus)
FED can have committee of the whole
4. Third Reading
* Senate *
5. Royal Assent
6. In Force
65
Oversign in Canada - Legislative Activties
- Primary method of oversight in legislative activities in Canada is question period - opportunity for members of the leg to ask the gov of the day what they are doing
- Order: official opposition party, next largest opposition party, then members of the gov caucus (backbenchers of any party not in opposition cabinet)
Less important oversight
- Member statements - pre QP members have 2 mins to read whatever they want put on the record
- Private members bill - all members of the leg have an opportunity to submit bills without budgetary implications
66
Oversign in Canada - Standing Committees
- Central role by doing claus by claus review and public input into legislation, by doing this they are putting oversight into bills
- Also have standing orders - provisions in standing orders may allow them to investigate an area of policy
- Can do departmental review to provide oversight
- Some legislatures have statutory instruments - review all regulations, ensure legally consistent and provide oversight
67
Oversign in Canada - Offices/Officers
- Offices/officers give government experts and time to provide meaningful oversight
Auditor General Office - review expenditures, which as gov grows is increasingly important - AG is appointed by committee and accountable to entire legislature
Chief Electoral Officer
Ombudsman - exist to hear appeals from citizens about potential problems and how gov is carried out
68
Management & Admin - Board of Internal Economy
- Approx 11 people with equal representative from all parties in charge of making all admin decisions around HOC (hiring, salaries, etc)
- Submit budgetary estimates on an annual basis and submit to the treasury board
69
Management & Admin - The Speaker
- Chief procedural officer (ex how bills can be introduced and when etc)
- Elected by legis
- Completely non-partisan
- Middleman of parliament
- Chairs BOIE
70
Management & Admin - Key Parliamentary Staff
Procedural Offices (Clerks)
- Deputy minister like function to speaker of the house
- Provides expert advise on how to handle procedural and admin issues
- Each committees has clerks
The Parliamentary Research Service - research office & library provides independent nonpartisan sources of info for legis
New Parliamentary Budget Officer
- Direct support to members in - compensation, expense budgets, constituency office budgets, legislative office budgets
Sergeant of Arms - in charge of security for the entire jurisdiction
71
Whips
- Maintain party discipline in the legislature
- Maintain detailed itineraries about where caucus members are
- Ensure members are at key votes
- Every party has one - usually negotiate among parties to leverage key votes
72
Caucus
- The group of individuals that sit together under a party banner in legislature, non-cabinet based non executive members
73
Standing Orders
- Constitution of legislature
- Dictate committees composition, how much they meet, how bills are introduced
- Legislature as a whole determines the standing orders and amends time
- In minority gov the opposition parties can change the standing orders to increase power of committees
74
Estimates
- What are presented to the legislature to be voted upon, typically the gov's upcoming year of expendutires
75
Public Accounts
- The records that exist after the gov has spent the money in a ledger and signed off the AG
76
Public Bills
- Deal with and impact jurisdiction as a whole
Government bills - deals with expenditure of public funds, can only be introduced by gov
Private Members bills - can't have expenditure attached to it, most won't go past first reading
77
Private Bills
- Deals with specific entity (corporate entity, municipality or person) can be introduced by anyone
78
Good Executive Governance
- Effectiveness
- Efficiency - is it cost effective
- Participation - are there opportunities for stakeholders to have a say in decisions that affect them in some way, can they prevent the influence of lobbyist groups
- Transparency - is it clear why the executive does what it does
- Accountability - adherence to the rule of law and responsiveness to citizens preferences
79
Symbolic Executive
- The official who fulfills the symbolic role of head of state
- Constitution gives the Queen executive power as head of state
- By convention - the queen (through GG/LG) is bound to act on the advise of elected representatives - they are formally appointed by the queen but informally on the recommendation of the PM/Premier
- Bills can't become law until LG/GG signs off
- This is more important in minority situations which rely more heavily on convention
80
Political Executive - Cabinet
- The political forum where first ministers and their appointed ministers reach a consensus and decide on the key issues of government
- Formally known as "ministers of the crown"
- Cabinet is the core body and is typically composed of: the first minister & ministers with responsibility for particular department
- The ministry - larger, includes people without specifically defined responsibilities
- All a Canadian convention - not in any Canadian bodies of law but is most important governmental decision making body in our system
81
Political Executive - First Ministers
- Typically whoever the leader of the party with the most seats won at election and are asked to govern by GG/LG
Responsibilities
- Organizing cabinet and providing direction to maintain the unity of the ministry
- Setting the general direction of government policy (throne speech, policies, budget)
- Choosing the principal holders of office
- Choosing the organization, procedures and composition of the cabinet (committees and compositions)
- Determining the broad organization and structure of gov to meet its objectives
82
Political Executive - Ministers
- Powers, duties and functions vested by statue in addition to responsibilities FM may assign
- Appointed based on: minority appointments for a representative cabinet, political loyalties, comptence
83
Ministerial Mandate Letters
- FM gives letter with their political responsibilities in addition to responsibilities set by legislature
- What the ministry has to do - overall direction of gov
- Minister is accountable to FM to get it done
84
Ministerial Responsibility
- Ministers are accountable in 2 ways
- Individual ministerial responsibility - carrying out responsibilities of the portfolio assigned by FM/legis
- Collective ministerial responsibility - in support of the cabinet team/decisions of cabinet
- They cannot speak out publicly against the gov, if they do, the convention is to resign
85
Ministerial Accountability
- Accountable to the legis for the exercise of powers, duties and functions vested in them by statute or otherwise
- Must be present in leg to answer questions on their responsibilities like how public monies were spent
86
Secretaries of State/Ministers without Portfolios
- SOS = Fed, MWOP = Prov
- Junior cabinet ministers that are appointed to support cabinet ministers and gov as a whole
- Make sure their constituency (ex women) are represented at cabinet discussions
- No statutory power/budget
87
Parliamentary Secretaries/Legislative Assistants
- Appointed by FM to support ministers in their house - with public and related duties
- Fundamental link between ministers and legislature - they do most of the talking at second reading
88
How is Cabinet Organized - Full Cabinet
- 35-40 people who are appointed
- Trouble getting stuff done as they are a large group, act as a sounding board for PM
- A mostly ceremonial role - they meet Wednesdays and do paperwork
89
How is Cabinet Organized - Policy and Priorities Commitee
- Normal cabinet committees = 8-14 people with focus area
P&P committee - heart of the cabinet with the premier and their 6-8 most trusted advisors
- Decide on overall priorities of gov and workload of cabinet
- Lots of debate takes place, and they report to cabinet on how to proceed
90
How Cabinet is Organized - Treasury Board
- Establish gov's overall expenditure plan and manage cash on an in year basis
- It is a cabinet and gov department
91
How Cabinet is Organized - Legislation and Regulations
- Has to approve all legislature and regulations before they go to cabinet
- Review all gov instruments
92
How Cabinet is Supported - First Minister's Office
- Political appointments to serve FM + Cabinet in political capacity
- Provide advise on policy, appointments, schedule media relations, manage communication plan, facilitate relations with caucus and party
- Most important and powerful offices in gov
93
How Cabinet is Supported - Cabinet Secretariats
- Privy Council = Fed, Cabinet Offices = Prov
- Non partisan support to cabinet
- Provides public service support and assists FM in performing all of their duties
- Most senior nonpartisan person in that jurisdiction
94
How Cabinet is Supported - Finance
Departments of finance are responsible for
- Government's macro-econ policy (tax policy and expenditures)
- Fiscal framework - annual budget
- Feedback for cabinet ministers on fiscal impact of their proposals
- Deals with spending and revenues
95
How Cabinet is Supported - Treasury Board Secretariat
- Small picture finance - what are commitments within the budget
- Supports the works of treasury board of cabinet - non partisan support
- Oversight roles in gov wide management practices and ensuring value for money
96
How Cabinet is Supported - Exempt Staff
- Not part of public service and are exempt from public service commission staffing and other controls
- Max 1 year term, salary cap, no overtime, few benefits
- Most work in PMO
97
How Cabinet is Supported - Deputy Ministers
- Admin head of department, day by day management of ministry of behalf of minister
- Most senior ranking nonpartisan official in gov department
Three primary accountabilities
1. To cabinet ministers for their duties and responsibilities
2. Treasury board for admin responsibilities for their department
3. To FM and cabinet secretary for supporting the collective management of gov overall
98
How Does Cabinet Decide - The Strategic Framework
- Electoral platform outlines 4-5 year plan - framework in which everything happens
- Throne speech is 18-24 month planning horizon for leg
- Budget - what the annual fiscal framework is
- All of this together with management letters and speeches is the framework
99
When Is a Cabinet Decision Required
Cabinet approval is needed
- For a proposal to create, eliminate or restructure an existing program
- New/changes to an existing gov policy position
- Proposal that involves new legislation
- Respond to an urgent, strategic or unanticipated issue
- Launch a high profile external consultation
- To address a significant issue for intergov affairs
100
Cabinet Decision Making Principles
- Cabinet and its committees are FM's decision making process
- Cabinet uses compromise and consensus building - Full cabinet is seldom chaired by FM, they appoint someone who can facilitate consensus
- Focus on decisions, not preliminary discussion of issues
- Must talk and consult with other ministries and departments before going to cabinet with a formal request for a cabinet decision
101
Cabinet Decision Making
1. Individual departments develop a submission to cabinet - based on throne speech, all details must be included
2. Minister first goes to policy committee - provides outline of the plan and they debate it - if the policy has fiscal or leg/reg requirements the minister goes to other committees for more detailed debate and convo about how to proceed
3. Policy committee reports to full cabinet
4. Full cabinet reviews the report - if they approve the issue a cabinet minute is issued (summary of the decision taken)
102
Good Executive Governance
1. Focusing on the organization's purpose and outcomes for citizens and service users
2. Performing effectively in clearly defined functions and roles
3. Promoting values for the whole org and demonstrating the values of good governance through behaviour
4. Taking informed, transparent decisions and managing risk
5. Developing capacity and capability of the governing body to be effective
6. Engaging stakeholders and making accountability real
103
Permanet Executive - Departments
- Administrative unit comprising one or more organizational components over which a minster has direct ministerial management and control
- Departments of gov are established under specific leg which sets out how specific powers are to be exercised and by whom
104
Permanent Executive - Types of Departments
Central Agencies
- Organizations that assist political execs in controlling and coordinating gov policies and programs across gov
- Fed = PMO, PCO, Dept of Finance, Treasury Board Secretariat
- Prov = Premier's office, cabinet office, treasury board management, finance
Line Departments - organizations involved in the actual production and distribution of good and services
105
Public Enterprise
- Crown corporation - 87 federally
- An institution with a corporate form brought into existence by gov action to serve a public function
- Operates within policy and legislative frameworks overseen by ministers
Ex CBC, Canada Post
106
Federal Departments
- At the Fed level, there are 44 government entities
- Key fed structure is 25 departments and central agencies that shape law and policies and provide services to Canadians
- Health Canada, Agriculture Canada, Canadian Heritage, Industry Canada, Dept of Defence, Fisheries and Oceans Canada
- Service Agencies - Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canada Revenue Agency, Border Services Agency, Parks Canada Agency and Passport Office
107
Tribunals
- 27 quasi-judicial bodies to make decisions or hear appeals to give effect to gov policies at arms length from gov
- Canadian international trade tribunal, public service staffing tribunal
108
ABCs
- Statutory body charged with responsibility to administer, fix, establish, control or regulate an economic, cultural, environmental or social activity by regularized or established means in public interest and in accordance with general policy guidelines established by the gov
- 205 smaller agencies, boards and commissions that provide a variety of advice and service
- Fed ABCs - Arctic Waters Advisory Committee, Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety
- Ontario ABCs - advisory agencies, regulatory agencies, adjudicative agencies, operations services, operational enterprises, crown foundation, trust agency, nonscheduled agencies
109
Alternative Service Delivery
- A creative and dynamic process of public sector restructuring that improves the delivery and services to clients by sharing governance functions with individuals, community groups, businesses and other gov entities
3 main benefits
1. Most cost effective
2. Changes in organization and management structure to improve effectiveness
3. Gives more authority to managers closer to the point of delivery
Types
- Direct delivery - delivery of services from the ministry
- Agencies - gives power to agencies that operate at arms length from the gov
- Devolution - transfers services to other levels of gov/individuals
- Purchase of services - under contract form a private firm
- Franchising/Licensing
- Privatization - sell service delivery rights to private firm
Machinery
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