A+ Core 2 > macOS & Linux Essentials Day8 > Flashcards

macOS & Linux Essentials Day8 Flashcards

Configuring SOHO Network Security Part 1 (89 cards)

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1
Q

What is macOS System Settings?

A

macOS System Settings, previously called System Preferences, allows users to configure system features. It centralizes access to settings through the Apple menu.

Settings categories include network, privacy and security, displays, and users and groups.

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2
Q

How does macOS System Settings compare to Windows?

A

macOS System Settings is often compared to Windows Control Panel or the Windows Settings app and includes a search function for quick access to features.

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3
Q

What is Finder in macOS?

A

Finder is the File Manager in macOS, similar to File Explorer in Windows, allowing users to browse files, external drives, and apps.

Users can use tags and smart folders for organization and open files with Quick Look by pressing the spacebar.

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4
Q

What is Time Machine in macOS?

A

Time Machine is a built-in backup utility that automatically backs up system files, applications, user documents, and preferences.

It requires an external drive or network volume to function.

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5
Q

What can Time Machine do?

A

Time Machine can restore previous versions of files or a full system state.

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6
Q

What is Keychain Access?

A

Keychain Access is a utility in macOS used to manage certificates, passwords, and encryption keys.

It is frequently used for saving Wi-Fi passwords and Safari credentials.

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7
Q

What types of Keychains exist in Keychain Access?

A

There are several types of Keychains:
login keychain, system keychain, iCloud Keychain, and System Roots keychain.

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8
Q

How can you navigate to Keychain Access?

A

You can navigate to Keychain Access through Applications > Utilities > Keychain Access.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of Activity Monitor in macOS?

A

Activity Monitor is used to view system status and the status of apps or processes, and can force quit unresponsive apps.

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10
Q

How can you force quit an app in macOS?

A

You can force quit an app by selecting Cmd+Option+Esc or
by accessing the Apple Menu > force quit.

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11
Q

What does Activity Monitor show?

A

Activity Monitor shows real-time CPU, memory, disk, and network usage for your Mac system.

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12
Q

What are the primary file formats for installing macOS applications?

A

The primary file formats are:
.dmg files, .pkg files, and .app files.

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13
Q

How do you install .dmg files?

A

.dmg files are installed by double-clicking to mount them and then dragging the app to the Applications folder.

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14
Q

What are .pkg files?

A

.pkg files are package installers that launch an Installer wizard, commonly used for software like Zoom or Microsoft Office.

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15
Q

How do you configure your Apple ID on a Mac?

A

You configure your Apple ID via System Settings and then choosing Apple ID.

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16
Q

What can you sync with your Apple ID?

A

You can sync mail, contacts, calendar, Safari, notes, photos, and more.

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17
Q

What is iCloud used for?

A

iCloud provides easy access to your favorite apps and data on the web, keeping your personal information safe and up-to-date.

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18
Q

What is Time Machine?

A

Time Machine is a backup utility that creates automatic hourly, daily, and weekly backups.

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19
Q

What is required for Time Machine backups?

A

It requires an external drive, a shared network folder on another Mac, or a NAS device that supports Time Machine over Server Message Block (SMB).

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20
Q

What is the recommended storage capacity for a Time Machine backup disk?

A

Use a storage device with at least twice the storage capacity of your Mac system.

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21
Q

What should a backup disk be used for?

A

The backup disk should only be used for Time Machine backups, not for storing other files.

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22
Q

How do you set up Time Machine?

A

Connect an external drive or network volume, then go to System Settings, General, and select Time Machine.

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23
Q

What are key features of Time Machine?

A

Key features include file versioning for rolling back a system and full system recovery.

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24
Q

How can you check for macOS updates?

A

Check for updates via System Settings > General > Software Update

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25
What types of updates are there for macOS?
There are macOS updates (security patches and performance improvements) and App Store updates (for downloaded apps).
26
What options can you configure for software updates?
You can configure options to download new updates when available and to install system data files and security updates automatically.
27
What does FileVault disk encryption do?
***FileVault encrypts entire drives using XTS-AES-128 bit encryption***, protecting data if your Mac is lost or stolen.
28
How do you set up FileVault?
Navigate to ***System Settings > Privacy and Security > FileVault***.
29
What do you need for FileVault setup?
You need your admin credentials and should save your recovery key in iCloud or manually.
30
How do you enter macOS recovery mode?
Enter ***Cmd + R*** at boot time.
31
What is the purpose of the Linux command-line interface?
The command-line interface is used for navigation and file management in Linux systems.
32
What does the ***ls*** command do?
***ls*** stands for list and it lists directory contents.
33
What does the ***man*** command do?
**man** stands for manual and it provides detailed information about commands in Linux.
34
How do you use the ***man*** command?
You type ***man*** followed by the command name to see its manual [example] ***man ls***
35
How can you see command options in Linux?
You can use the ***--help*** switch after the command [example] ***ls --help***
36
What does the ***cd*** command do?
***cd*** stands for change directory and is used to navigate between directories.
37
What is the significance of dots in directory navigation?
A ***single dot*** represents the ***current directory***, and ***two dots*** represent ***the parent directory***.
38
How do you create a new directory in Linux?
You use the ***mkdir*** command followed by the directory name [example] ***mkdir Jamie***
39
What does the ***cp*** command do?
***cp*** is used to copy files from one location to another.
40
What is the purpose of the ***chmod*** command?
***chmod*** ***modifies file permissions for files and directories***.
41
What are the three types of permissions in Linux?
The three types of permissions are ***read, write, and execute***.
42
What does ***ps*** stand for in Linux?
***ps*** stands for process status and shows current running processes.
43
What information does the top command display?
***top*** displays system uptime, task information, processor usage, and memory usage in real time.
44
How do you quit the ***top*** command?
You can quit the ***top*** command by pressing ***q***
45
What is package management in Linux?
In Linux and Unix-like systems, ***software is delivered in packages***, similar to other operating systems.
46
How are packages managed in Debian-based systems?
You can use the ***Advanced Package Tool*** (APT) called ***apt*** to manage and install packages.
47
What tool is used to manage ***RPM packages*** in Red Hat-based systems?
You can manage RPM packages using a tool called ***DNF***.
48
What command is used to list available packages in Ubuntu?
The command is: ***apt list.***
49
How can you search for a specific package using apt?
You can use the search option [example]: ***apt search firefox***
50
What command is used to install a package in Ubuntu?
The command is: ***sudo apt install***
51
What are dependencies in package management?
Dependencies are ***libraries that the package requires in order to install and run***.
52
What command is used to create a shell script?
You can use the touch command, for example: ***touch app.sh***
53
How do you make a shell script executable?
Use the command: ***chmod u=rwx app.sh***
54
What is the purpose of the echo command in a shell script?
The *echo command* ***outputs text to the terminal window***.
55
What is the significance of the variable ***$sum*** in a script?
***$sum*** stores the result of the addition of two numbers entered by the user.
56
What should you verify before installing an application on macOS or Linux?
You should check system and hardware requirements, dependencies, and compatibility with the OS.
57
What Linux tool provides information about the operating system name and processor type?
The command ***uname -m***
58
How can you check memory usage in Linux?
You can use the command ***free -h*** to display ***total free***, ***used physical*** and ***swap memory***.
59
What command displays details about your Linux distribution?
The ***command lsbrelease -a*** displays the name and version of the Linux distribution.
60
How can you review detailed information about your macOS system?
Select ***About This Mac*** and then ***System Report***.
61
Can 64-bit systems run 32-bit applications?
Yes, 64-bit systems can run both 64 and 32-bit applications if they have the necessary libraries.
62
What is the compatibility of 32-bit systems with 64-bit applications?
None, 32-bit systems cannot run 64-bit applications at all.
63
Which macOS version only supports 64-bit applications?
***macOS Catalina and later versions*** only support 64-bit apps.
64
How do you install applications from .dmg files on macOS?
***Mount*** the image and ***drag the app to the Applications folder***.
65
What is the process to install applications from .pkg files on macOS?
Run the ***installation wizard*** to install ***.pkg files*** on macOS; applications are installed system-wide.
66
What settings may block unsigned apps on macOS?
***Gatekeeper*** settings may block unsigned apps.
67
What is the App Store on macOS?
A secure, centralized distribution channel offering a variety of apps.
68
What are .deb files used for in Linux?
.***deb*** files are used by ***Debian and Ubuntu-based distributions***.
69
What command can be used to install a .deb file?
An example command to install a .***deb file*** is ***sudo dpkg -i package.deb.***
70
What are .rpm files used for in Linux?
***.rpm files*** are used by ***RHEL, Fedora, and CentOS distributions.***
71
What command can be used to install an .rpm file?
An example command to install an ***.rpm file*** is ***sudo rpm -i package.rpm***.
72
What are dependencies in the context of installing applications?
*Dependencies* are other apps or ***packages that the app you're installing needs to function***.
73
Which tools can handle dependencies automatically in Linux?
***APT*** and ***DNF*** can handle dependencies automatically.
74
What command checks shared libraries for necessary objects to install an app?
The **ldd** command checks shared libraries for necessary objects.
75
How can you obtain information about package dependencies in Linux?
Use ***apt-cache*** ***depends*** or ***dnf repoquery --requires*** to obtain this information.
76
What are the use cases for Mac Recovery mode and Linux Live ISOs?
*They allow OS-level maintenance without accessing the full operating system, including diagnosing and repairing issues, reinstalling an OS, and restoring from backups*.
77
What is Internet Recovery in macOS?
It loads recovery tools from Apple's servers when local recovery is impossible.
78
What are the main tools available in macOS Recovery?
*Reinstalling macOS, restoring from a Time Machine backup, using Disk Utility to format or repair drives, and using Terminal for command-line diagnostics*.
79
What does Disk Utility do in macOS Recovery?
It erases and partitions disks and repairs corrupted volumes using ***First Aid***.
80
What can Terminal commands do in macOS Recovery?
They allow the use of tools like ***diskutil for partition management*** *or* ***csrutil for enabling/disabling System Integrity Protection***.
81
What are Linux Live environments?
*They are functioning OSs that boot from a drive without modifying an installed OS*.
82
What are some use cases for Linux Live?
Recovering files or damaged systems, testing hardware or software compatibility, and running antivirus scans.
83
What is a Persistent Live USB?
A USB that can ***save changes between sessions***, making it more useful for fixing a system.
84
What are some best practices for troubleshooting and offline maintenance?
Ensure current backups, use live environments to test networks and disk health, and verify disk integrity after repairs.
85
What should you ensure for systems containing sensitive information?
Ensure encryption tools like ***FileVault*** is properly configured and able to access encrypted volumes before altering disk states.
86
What are containers?
*Containers* are ***lightweight, portable, and consistent environments that bundle application code with libraries and dependencies.***
87
What are the key benefits of using containers?
Key benefits include: * fast start up and shut down * consistent environments, high scalability * resource efficiency, and portability
88
What do virtual machines emulate?
*Virtual machines emulate* ***entire hardware environments, running their own OS and apps on top of a hypervisor***.
89
When are virtual machines preferable over containers?
*VMs are better for running monolithic apps, legacy (OS)s, or when full stack isolation is required*.
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