Macros

Question 1

Protein

Answer 1

Large molecule (polymer) consisting of many amino acid subunits (monomers), joined by peptide bonds folded into a 3D shape

Question 2

Amino acid

Answer 2

Molecule (monomer) containing a carboxyl group and amino group and hydrogen atom attached to a central carbon atom

Question 3

How many amino acids and how to distinguish

Answer 3

20 different, the functional groups distinguish which one, can be polar or nonpolar

Question 4

How are the 20 amino acids consumed

Answer 4

12 are synthesized by cells, 8 need to be consumed by diet

Question 5

Peptide bond

Answer 5

Covalent bond linking amino acids by dehydration synthesis. Occurs between the NH2 of an amino acid and the COOH of the second amino acid

Question 6

Peptide, dipeptides, oligopeptides, polypeptides

Answer 6

Peptide - chain on amino acid subunits that are connected by peptide bonds.
Di- 2
Olgio - 3-10
Poly - 10+

Question 7

Primary structure

Answer 7

Unique linear sequence of AAs in peptide chain

Question 8

Secondary structure

Answer 8

3D arrangement caused by hydrogen bonding at regular intervals

Question 9

Tertiary Structure

Answer 9

3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

Question 10

Quaternary structure

Answer 10

2 or more polypeptide chains linked together into a single protein

Question 11

Nucleic acids

Answer 11

Blueprint for proteins that are synthesized in cells and stores hereditary info
Sends info from DNA to RNA to synthesize proteins

Question 12

DNA

Answer 12

stores hereditary info responsible for inherited traits in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes and many viruses
Eukaryotes - membrane bound nucleus
Prokaryotes - no membrwne

Question 13

RNA

Answer 13

hereditary molecule in some viruses invoked in protein synthesis in all cells

Question 14

Nucleotides

Answer 14

Monomers of nucleic acids, made of a nitrogenous base formed from rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms, 5 carbon ring shaped sugar, 1-3 phosphate groups

Question 16

What do the phosphate groups in RNA do

Answer 16

They’re the energy source of nucleotides

Question 17

Pyrimidine vs purines

Answer 17

Pyrimidine = single organic rings (Uracil, Thymine, Cytosine)
Purines = two ringed organic structure
(Adenine, Guanine)

Question 18

Phosphodiester bond

Answer 18

Link formed between nucleotides linking between the 5 carbon of one sugar and the 3 carbon of the next sugar
Forms backbone of chain
Builds in one direction

Question 19

Characteristics of DNA

Answer 19

deoxyribose, phosphate group and one of the 4 bases (A C T G)
Double stranded molecule that runs antiparallel
Hydrogen bonds hold the strands together

Question 20

How many bonds for guanine to bond to cytosine and adenine to thymine

Answer 20

G - C = 3
A - T = 2

Question 21

RNA characteristics

Answer 21

Ribose, phosphate group, one of the four bases (A C G U)
single stranded molecule
No hydrogen bonds hold

Question 22

carbohydrate composition

Answer 22

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 23

carb main functions

Answer 23

structure, energy, cell to cell communication, building blocks for other macros

Question 24

monosaccharides

Answer 24

simplest form of carb
single sugar unit
monosaccharides containing 3,5,6 carbons are the most common (triose,pentose,hexose)

Question 25

glucose

Answer 25

mono carboxyl interacts with hydroxyl group in carbs to form ring glucose has two isomers (alpha and beta) 1 - 4 bonds

Question 26

three monos

Answer 26

glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 27

glycosidic bond

Answer 27

covalent bond joins a carb molecule to another carb or group

Question 28

disaccharides

Answer 28

two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond during dehydration synthesis (hydroxyl group off one carb, hydrogen atom off the other carb) hydrophilic

Question 29

three types of disaccharides

Answer 29

sucrose = glucose + fructose lactose = galactose + glucose maltose = glucose + glucose

Question 30

polysaccharides

Answer 30

chain of monos with many subunits joined by glycosidic linkages through dehydration synthesis stores long term energy

Question 31

polymerization

Answer 31

process of linking monomers to form polymers can form as branches, pleats build off all four sides of carbon

Question 32

three types of polysaccharides

Answer 32

cellulose starch glycogen

Question 33

cellulose

Answer 33

made from 1000s of glucose units most abundant organic molecules on earth 1-4 glycosidic links stronger because of their hydrogen bonding as well

Question 34

glycogen

Answer 34

multibranched polysaccharide energy storage long term 1-4 links and 1-6 branches

Question 35

starch

Answer 35

two types: amylopectin + amylose amylose = 1-4 links amylopectin = 1-4 links and 1-6 branches

Question 36

lipids

Answer 36

non polar compound made of mostly carbon hydrogen and lesser amounts of oxygen used to make barriers like cell membranes for their hydrophobic properties used as energy sources, hormones that regulate cellular activity and as vitamin transportation

Question 37

5 types of lipids

Answer 37

fatty acids, fats, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

Question 38

fatty acids

Answer 38

building blocks for different fats structural backbone consists of single hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group either un or saturated

Question 39

unsaturated vs saturated fatty acids

Answer 39

saturated - all carbons are linked with single bonds and max amount of hydrogens easier to stack unsaturated - double bonds in hydrocarbon chain, not enough hydrogens, cause a kink in chain harder to stack

Question 40

fats composition

Answer 40

1-3 fatty acids chains linked to a glycerol through dehydration synthesis between the hydroxyl group on glycerol and the carboxyl on fatty acids

Question 41

triglycerides saturated vs unsaturated fats

Answer 41

triglycerides are the most common fats, 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol saturated fats are composed of saturated fatty acids, obtained from animals and are solid at room temp since they're long flat chains and easier to stack unsaturated fats are composed of unsaturated fatty acids, derived from plants, liquid at room temp due to the kink in their chains

Question 42

phospholipids composition

Answer 42

2 fatty acids and phosphate group bound to a glycerol

Question 43

importance of phospholipids

Answer 43

primary lipids in cell membranes, cells couldn't exist without them, amphipathic molecule (fatty acid chains are hydrophobic, phosphate group binds to a hydrophilic group, making it both hydrophobic and philic) lipid bilayer of cell membranes

Question 44

steroids

Answer 44

chemical signals for the body hydrophobic composed of 4 fused carbon rings and functional groups (fg distinguishes between steroids) sterols are the most abundant group with a single OH group at one end and a complex nonpolar hydrocarbon chain at the other

Question 45

waxes

Answer 45

long chain fatty acids linked through ester oxygen to a long chain alcohol hydrophobic protective layers saturated fats