What’s Automation?
Is the Technology by which a process or procedure is accomplished without human assistance. It involves mechanical, Electrical, and computer system to Operate and control various processes or systems
What are the 10 Strategies for Automation?
- Specialisation of Operation: Use of special- purpose equipment designed for single operation.
- Combined Operation: Reducing distinct production machines or workstations.
- Simultaneous Operation: Performing Combined Operations simultaneously at one workstation.
- Integration of Operations: Linking multiple workstations into a single mechanism.
- Increased Flexibility: Using equipment for Variety of parts or products in job shop and medium - volume situation.
What are the Ad and Dis of Automation?
Ad:
-Increase machine and labour productivity
-Improve product quality
-Reduced manufacturing lead time
-Enhanced worker Safety
-Ability to perform processes that cannot be done manually
Dis:
-High Initial investment
-Increased unemployment
-Potential for more pollution
-Unpredictable Costs.
What is a production system, and its type?
Is a collection of integrated equipment and human resources designed to perform processing and/or assembly operations on raw materials or parts.
Manually Operated machines
Semi-Automatic machines
Fully Automatic machines
What’s a low-cost automation system and how do you select it?
low-cost automation: It is technology that creates some degree of automation around the existing equipment, tool, methods and people, using mostly standard components available in the market.
It is selected based on some factors:
- Standardisation: using readily available components
- Simplicity: Designing straightforward system
- Reusability: Ensuring parts can be reused
-Flexibility: Adapting Systems for multiple uses
-Maintainability: Designing system for easy maintenance.
-Long-term Benefits: Evaluating costs over time
Compare between Hydraulic System and Pneumatic System?
Hydraulic System:
- Medium: Uses oil
- Power Capacity: High
- Cost: High
_ Maintenance: More
Reliability:Steady Operation,requires upKeep
Application: Heavy duty(Construction, machinery)
Env. Suita.: normal-env.-risk of spills
Hydraulic System:
- Medium: Uses compressed air
- Power Capacity: Limited
- Cost: Lower
_ Maintenance: simpler and easier
_Reliability: Reliable, slower response
Application: light duty (Packing, sorting)
Env. Suita.: safe, temp-sensitive
What are types of Transfer Lines? Explain
- Linear Transfer Line: Involve a straight and sequential movement of parts through multiple workstations. Each station performs a specific operation in a defined order, and parts are transported between stations using conveyor, rollers, or automated systems.
- Rotary Transfer Lines: Use circular arrangement where parts are processed at workstations positioned around central rotating mechanism. This setup is compact and designed for smaller work pieces that require repetitive, high speed, operations
Advantages VS App. ( Linear & Rotary )
Linear:
Advantages:
- Easy expansion and reconfiguration
- Flexible with support mechanism like cross transfer
- Suitable for diverse machining and assembly operations
App.:
- Walking beam systems
- Powered roller conveyor systems
- Chain drive converter systems
Rotary:
- Occupies less floor space
- Higher compactness and integration for smaller parts
- Simplified motion for repetitive tasks.
App.:
- Rack and pinion
- Ratchet and pawl
- Geneva mechanism
What’s RFID?
Radio Frequency Identification: Is technology that uses radio waves to automatically identify and track objects through tags and readers. It contains a unique data that can be canned without direct line-of-sight, making them useful for inventory management, part-tracking, and quality control in manufacturing.
What are the benefits of the RFID?
-Increase Accuracy: Reduces human errors in tracking
- Enhanced Efficiency: Speed up operations with automated identification
- Real-Time Visibility: Provide instants status updates on items
- Improved Traceability: Tracks items throughout the production process
- Cost Saving: Reduces labour, delays and material waste.
What’s AS/RS?
Automated Storage and Revival System is an automated system designed to store and retrieves items in a warehouse or production facility efficiently, it integrates components like storage racks, sucker cranes, conveyors and control software
What are the types of Robot Configurations?
- Cartesian: 3 Linear Joints 3P
- Cylindrical: 2 Prismatic and 1 Revolute R2P
- Spherical: 1 Prismatic and 2 revolute 2RP
- Articulated: All joint are revolute
- SCARA: 2R1P
What is a reference frame in robotics?
Is a coordinate system used to define and control the position and orientation of robot.
What are the types of reference frame?
-World Reference Frame: Universall frame defined by xyz axes
-Joint Reference Frame: Controls individual Joint movements one at time
- Tool Reference Frame:Defines movements relative to the robotic tool
Define DOF in robotics?
Degree of Freedom refer to the number of independent movements a robot can perform. Typically, a robot’s DOF corresponds to the number of axes along which it can move xyz or rotate( pitch, yaw, roll)
Compare btw non-servo controlled and servo controlled?
non-servo:
- Use mechanical stops or limits to control joint motion
- Sequence is controlled by feedback from end stops
- Simple, low cost, and reliable.
- Limited flexibility, typically used in repetitive tasks.
Servo- Controlled robots:
- Use closed-loop feedback to monitor and adjust joint position and velocity
- Offer greater precision and flexibility
- Suitable for complex task like contentious path control
Explain Asimove’s Laws
1st: A robot may not injure human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.
2nd: A robot must obey the orders given by humans unless it conflicts with the first law
3rd: A robot must protect its existence as long as it doesn’t conflict with the First or Second Laws.
What are direct and inverse kinematics in robotics?
Direct Kinematics (forward): Involves determining the positions and orientation of a robot’s end effector( tool or gripper) based on the given join parameters( angles, displacements, or lengths)
inverse Kinematics: Involves determining the joint parameters( angles, displacements) required to achieve a desired position and orientation of the end effector
