Parasitology > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

Book based (Belizario) + Jhio's personal Lecture notes (89 cards)

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1
Q

the leading parasitic disease that causes mortality worldwide

A

Malaria

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2
Q

List the three major infectious disease threats identified by the Worl Health Organization

A
  1. Malaria
  2. Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS)
  3. Tuberculosis
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3
Q

the population groups mostly affected by Malaria

A

Young children and Pregnant women

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4
Q

Chronic Malaria leads to _______ Associated with impaired physical and mental growth and development in children.

A

Anemia

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5
Q

in 2000 the United Nations adopted the Millenium Declaration. Under what Millenium Development Goals (MDG) aims to reduce the burden of HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and other diseases?

A

MDG 6

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6
Q

Malaria causing parasite is under what phylum?

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

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7
Q

Malaria-causing parasite is under what genus?

A

genus Plasmodium

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8
Q

Mosquito responsible for transmitting malaria-causing parasite is under what genus?

A

Anopheles

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9
Q

What are the four species of malaria-causing parasites that are medically important to humans

A
  • P. falciparum
  • P. vivax
  • P. ovale
  • P. malariae
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10
Q

These two plasmodiuM species are responsible for over 90% of all human malaria cases

A

P. falciparum
P. vivax

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11
Q

the 5th human malaria parasite

A

P. knowlesi

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12
Q

P. knowlesi is normally a parasite of a ______ but humans working in nearby foret fringe are at great risk of infection

A

Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

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13
Q

The life cycle of P. knowlesi is microscopically indistinguishable from which plasmodium parasite?

A

Plasmodium malariae

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14
Q

the asexual cycle in humans involves two processes. What are they?

A

Schizogony and Gametogony

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15
Q

the SEXUAL cycle in humans involves what process?

A

sporogony

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16
Q

Asexual reproduction of sporozoan parasites by multiple fission of the nucleus, followed by segmentation of the cytoplasm, giving rise to schizonts.
This process also leads to the formation of merozoites.

A

Schizogony/Merogony

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17
Q

this process leads to the formation of gametocytes

A

gametogony

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18
Q

SEXUAL reproduction by multiple fission of a spore or zygote. this process leads to the formation of sporozoites

A

sporogony

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19
Q

what is the full name of the Malaria-causing parasite? (phylum, class, order, genus, subgenus)

A

Phylum = Apicomplexa
class = sporozoa
order = Hemosporida
Genus = Plasmodium
Subgenus = Plasmodium (vivax, malaria, ovale), Laverania (falciparum)

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20
Q

malaria parasites that can be found on primates

A

P. vivax
P. Malariae
P. Ovale

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21
Q

plasmodium parasite related to avian malaria parasites

A

P. falciparum

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22
Q

he is a french army surgeon in Algeria that discovered a disease in the Red Blood Cells of patients

A

Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran

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23
Q

He discovered Asexual development called “golgi cycle”

A

Camillo golgi

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24
Q

he discovered how malaria is transmitted from mosquitoes to humans

A

Ronald Ross

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25
It is the principal malarial vector in the Philippines
Female Anopheles minimus var. flavirostris mosquito
26
Principal malarial vector in Africa
Anopheles gambiae
27
Principal malarial vector in India / indonesia(?)
Anopheles javensis
28
other malarial vectors in the Philippines?
1. Anopheles litoralis - (mangroves and coastal areas) 2. Anopheles balabacensis - (in Balabac, Palawan) 3. Anopheles mangyanus - (Canopy areas / sa taas ng trees) 4. Anopheles maculatus - (hoofpods or wallows of animals / in footprints of animals na filled with water)
29
3 sections of anopheles mosquito
head thorax abdomen
30
what do u call the "needle" part of the mosquito that goes into the skin important in transmission of malaria
Proboscis
31
the parasite will eat proteins of the cell and create a _____ so that it will not be detected by the host's immune system and get attacked. developed by P. falciparum within the Mature Red Cells
Parasitophorous vacuole membrane
32
infective stage of Malaria?
in humans = Sporozoites (from mosquito) In mosquitoes = Gametocytes (from humans)
33
Definitive host of malaria?
Mosquito
34
Diagnostic stage of malaria?
Schizonts and Gametocytes
35
Intermediate host of malaria
Humans
36
Also called as the human liver stage where liver cells are infected
Exo-Erythrocytic cycle
37
Also called as the Human Blood stage where the RBC's are infected
Erythrocytic cycle
38
The specific cell in the liver targeted by the sporozoites
Parenchymal cells
39
True or False: Schizogony occurs only in the exo-erythrocytic cycle (human liver stage)
FALSE!!!! schizogony also occurs in the erythrocytic cycle.
40
Some merozoites of certain Plasmodium species reinvade the liver cells instead of moving on to infect erythrocytes. They are deemed as "INACTIVE schizonts". What do you call them?
HYPNOzoites
41
what plasmodium species produce hyponzoites
P. vivax P. ovale
42
the parasite feeds on the hemoglobin of the blood resulting in the pigment known as
"hematin"
43
some merozoites develop into _____ and ____ that are picked up by feeding mosquitoes for completion of its life cycle
Microgametocytes and Macrogametocytes
44
male gametocyte is called?
MICROgametocytes
45
female gametocyte is called?
MACROgametocytes
46
TRUE OR FALSE: microgametocytes exflagellate and produce 7 sperm-like microgametes that may fertilize the female macrogamete to form a ZYGOTE.
FALSE. it produces EIGHT sperm-like microgametes
47
zygote will develop into ____ and attach to the midgut wall of mosquito and undergo SPOROGONY
OOKINETE
48
ookinete will attach to the midgut wall of mosquito and create what?
oocyte
49
oocyte contains what?
sporozoites
50
after oocyte containing sporozoites burst where does sporozoite go?
to the salivary glands of the mosquito
51
the interval from sporozoite injection to detection of parasites in the blood is refferred to as
Pre-patent period
52
what are the pre-patent periods of: P. falciparum P. vivax P. ovale P. malariae`
P. falciparum = 11-14 days P. vivax = 11-15 days P. ovale = 14-26 days P. malariae = 3-4 weeks
53
the time betwen sporozoite injection and the appearance of clinical manifestations
Incubation period
54
What are the Incubation periods of: P. falciparum P. vivax P. ovale P. malariae
P. falciparum = 8-15 days P. vivax = 12-20 days P. ovale = 11-16 days P. malariae = 18-40 days
55
the classical malaria paroxysms have three stages called?
1. the cold stage 2. the hot stage 3. the sweating stage
56
The symptoms of malaria are related to the periodic destruction of RBCs and diffusion of the __________, these are the breakdown products of hemoglobin. It induces immune responses
Hemozoin or the hematin pigment
57
malaria paroxysm where px feels coldness and aprehension, convulsions, intense peripheral vasoconstriction
the cold stage
58
how long does cold stage last?
15-60 minutes
59
the px become hot and manifests with headache, palpitations, tachypnea, epigastric discomfort, thisrt, nausea, and vomiting. temp may reahc 41c
The hot stage or flush phase
60
how long does the hot stage last?
2-6 hours
61
px experiences defervescence and diaphoresis, and temperature lowers.
the sweating stage
62
how long does sweating stage last?
2-4 hours
63
total duration of a typical attack is?`
8-12 hours
64
the interval between attacks is determined by the length of what cycle?
the erythrocytic cycle
65
Interval of symptoms for P. falciparum?
48 hours
66
Interval of symptoms for P. vivax and P. ovale
on alternate days
67
Interval of symptoms for P. malariae
every 72 hours, paroxysms occur on days 1 and 4 hence the term "quartan malaria"
68
Interval of symptoms for P. knowlesi
quotidian pattern
69
when schizont gains maturity and merozoites get released, this initates the immune response of the body activating key cytokines (interleukins) such as???
- IL-1 - IL-6 - TNF-α - IFN-γ. The sudden rupture of infected RBCs causes the patient to feel chills, rigors, and sometimes convulsions due to the RAPID RISE OF THESE CYTOKINES^^
70
true or false: once merozoites of P. falciparum invade erythrocytes, the cells increase their deformability.
FALSE. the cells DECREASE their deformability. RBC becomes stiffer
71
these electron-dense membranous structures appear and enlarge and become ______ which are important in cytoadhesion
knobs
72
these knobs contain protein such as???
- rosettins - riffins - histidine-rich proteins (HRP) - Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP-1)
73
which is the most adhesive protein in these knobs?
Plasmodium falciparum Erythrocyte Membrane Protein 1 (PfEMP-1)
74
These are the ligands for rosette formation and they adhere to parasitized and non-parasitized cells as well as platelets
Rosettins and PfEMP-1
75
knob protein that localize to the cytoadherence ligands making the adhesion more effective.
HRP
76
these act as endotoxins of gram-negative bacteria lipopolysaccharides and stimulate mononcytes to release TUmor Necrosis Factor (TFN) or cachexin
Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)
77
the cause of malarial fever
tumor necrosis factor (TFN) or cachexin
78
it is considered as the gold standard in making definitive diagnosis of malaria
Microscopic identification of malarial parasites in thin blood smears stained with giemsa or wright's stain
79
true or false in falciparum malaria only the ring forms may be found but 10 days after symptoms begin, gametocytes may be found as well
true
80
these tests make use of immunochromatographic methods in order to detect plasmodium specific antigens in a finger prick blood sample
Rapid Diagnostic tests (RDTs)
81
this is the protein secreted by the rhoptry organelles of the merozoite that bind specifically to the RBC ligand receptors and are highly important to create tight junctions
Plasmodium falciparum Reticulocyte-binding Protein homologue 5 (RH5)
82
tambal for relapse ng ovale and vivax
primaquine
83
the mainstay anti malarial treatment for 50 years pero rendered ineffective against falciparum malaria
chloroquine
84
the first line drug for confirmed uncontrolled and severe falciparum malaria
artemether-lumefanthrine
85
this drug is used if artemether-lumefanthrine is not available, whether the patient is consious or unconsious, and in case of treatment failure
QUININE in combination with tetracycline, doxycycline, or clindamycin
86
severe malaria cases wherein the patients is unconsious and the faciity has no capacity to adequately manage the patients
artesunate suppository
87
drug for all plasmodium spp. and mixed infection
Artemisinin-based combination therapy
88
what are the ligands in the RBC where plsamodium binds to
Glycophorin A (GPA) and Complementary Protein 1 (CP1)
89
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