Manipulating Geonomes

Question 1

what is a genome of an organism

Answer 1

it is all of the genetic material of an organism

Question 2

what is DNA profiling

Answer 2

technique which analyses a samplw of dna

Question 3

process of DNA profiling

Answer 3

1. extraction of dna using pcr
2. sample is digested using restriction endonucleases which cuts DNA into small pieces making 2 cuts
   3.cut fragments of DNA is separated using electrophoresis
3. dna fragments is transferred from gel to the nylon membrane
4. hybridisation, DNA probes are added to label fragments
5. membrane with radioactivity labelled dna fragments placed onto a X ray film
6. development continues and reveals dark bands where radioactive dna probes have attached

Question 4

what is gel electrophoresis

Answer 4

it is used to separate DNA fragments based on size and charge to produce a DNA profile

Question 5

process of electrophoresis

Answer 5

1. dna samples is coded into well at one end of the gel and an electric current is applied
2. dna fragments charged so move towards the positive electrode
3. gel is stained with binding DNA so it can be seen

Question 6

what is the pcr reaction

Answer 6

it ampifies dna fragments to produce many copies

Question 7

what is the process of pcr

Answer 7

1. heat to 95 ro break hydrogen bonds and separate strands
2. cool ro about 55 ro allow complementary primers to bind to the DNA strands
3. heat to 72 which is the optimum temperature for DNA polymerase to join dna nucleotides with phosphodiester bonds
4. repeat for 30-40 cycles so that amount of dna doubles and eventually no more dna is produced as complementary primers are used up

Question 8

uses of dna profiling

Answer 8

• forensic science
• medical diagnosis
• classification of species
• genetic relationships

Question 9

what is dna sequencing

Answer 9

it is the process of determining the precise order of nucleotides within a molecule

Question 10

chain termination method

Question 11

next generation

Question 12

wht are the uses of dna sequencing

Answer 12

• allows the comparisons between genomes of species
• allows comparisons between the genomes of individuals
• allows sequences of amino acids in polypeptides to be predicted
• allows development of synthetic biology

Question 13

what is bioinformatics

Answer 13

development of software and computing tools needed to otganise and analyse biological data

Question 14

what is computational biology

Answer 14

it is creating mathmatic modles and simulations to study biology

Question 15

first stage of genetic modification

Answer 15

isolating the desired gene

Question 16

isolating desired gene