Two councillors appointed by Mary?
Why were they significant?
Bishop Stephen gardiner
- had been H VIII secretary (experienced)
- steadfast religious conservative (catholic)
Cardinal pole
- imprisoned by Ed VI due to catholic beliefs - exiled in Italy during H VIII reforms and made cardinal = influence with pope.
How many councillors did Mary appoint?
Why is this significant?
50
- tried to dilute the power of Protestant councillors without outright removing them.
- led to inefficiency and factionalism
Who did Mary seek advice from?
Philip of Spain - catholic
Charles V - catholic
Foreign influence will have upset peiple
What was Mary’s relationship with parliament?
What does this suggest?
Cautious cooperation…
Parliament didn’t dispute her claim, but they also weren’t fully supportive
What did parliament and Mary disagree on?
What does this reveal about Mary’s power?
Reversals of Edwardian religious legislation (80 mps opposed)
Issue of succession
- shows she doesn’t have the power to act without parliament.
What were Mary’s main fp aims?
Marry Spanish king Philip
Restore England to papal supremacy
Who were the main warring families in Europe during Mary’s reign?
Habsburgs (Spain)
Valois (France)
Why was marrying Philip of Spain a bad choice?
- domestic opposition to a foreigner
- fear that England’s interests would be relegated to the Spanish
- dragged into Valois Habsburg conflict
- pope Paul IV hated Spain (made it more difficult for Mary to achieve her aim)
What was Mary’s main failures from the war with France?
French seized Calais
- terrible blow to England’s national pride, and it represented the last outpost of the great medieval empire.
- England now geographically severed from Europe
Marys war with France…
June 1557 - sen troops to Spains forces - victory at battle of st Quentin - however Spain too exhausted financially to follow through.
1558 - Calais seized by French
Summer 1558 - full scale assault on port of Brest to try and win back some English pride but this failed dismally.
How successful is was Mary in reversing Edward’s religious reforms?
1553 - first statute of repeal
1554 - third parliament restored heresy laws
1555 - second statute of repeal - repealed H VIII anti papal legislation
She removed foreign Protestants from England
Took 3 parliaments to repeal = rebellion less likely as is gradual
Why were monastic lands an issue for Mary?
A lot of the land was in the hands of catholics = she couldn’t reclaim the land without upsetting them.
Why was Mary less successful in restoring papal supremacy?
Pope Julius III dies in 1555 - replaced by anti Spanish pope Paul IV
- he regarded cardinal pole as a heretic
- he was involved in a war with Spain in 1555 which England was later dragged into
- when he appointed a new legate, Mary refused to recognise his power = put herself in a difficult position
How many Protestants killed by Mary?
289 burnt at the stake for heresy
How many Protestants killed by Mary?
289 burnt at the stake for heresy
When were there harvest failures during Mary’s reign?
1555 and 1556
What was a major social issue in Mary’s reign?
1557 and 1558 influenza - “sweating sickness”
- death toll was the worst since the black death
How did Mary improve englands financial state?
Plans for recoinage drawn up from 1556-58, only implemented by Elizabeth. Mary’s thorough preparation was what enabled the efficient implementation under Elizabeth
Book of rates in 1558 raised customs revenue dramatically
Why were poor laws needed under Mary?
Influenza, poor harvests, high taxation due to war with France.
Farmers hoarded food as an attempt to drive up the price.
When was Mary’s poor law?
1555
Extending the act of 1552, ordered licensed beggars to wear badges - hoped this would encourage people to donate more alms to poor relief.
How successful was Mary in fixing the economy?
Long and medium term problems such as pop increase causing inflation and inflation due to debasement were mostly solved.
Short term issues weren’t solved, however they weren’t really solvable - poor harvests (she did try to solve by stopping hoarders) and influenza.
What changes did Mary implement to the administration of revenue?
1554
Court of the exchequer took over both court of first fruits and tenths and court of augmentations = more revenue did to increased efficiency
What did Mary do to make herself more popular? Good idea?
Remitted final part of Edward’s subsidy - reduced tax slightly = popular but reduced crown income
What happened to royal debts under Mary?
Increased but for a country at war, levels were satisfactory
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Henry VII Consolidation84
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Henry Vii Foreign Policy45
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Henry VII - Governance8
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Henry Vii Society2
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Henry Vii Economy4
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Henry vii Domestic policy3
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Henry Vii Religion4
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Henry Viii Governance51
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Henry VIII Foreign Policy40
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Henry VIII economy2
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Edward VI - Somerset22
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Edward VI - Northumberland8
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Mary28
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Early Cold War 1945-195346
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Widening Of The Cold War27
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The Global Cold War64
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Cooperation And Confrontation37
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Cold War: Détente43
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Cold War - Cooperation After The Cuba Crisis6
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Pressures On The USSR - Chapter 1629
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End Of Vietnam - Chapter 1741
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Ending Of The Cold War5
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Third World Issues27
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Reagan And Second Cold War11
