1
Q
What are humanists concerned with?
A
Concerned with development but don’t say a lot about how that development takes place
2
Q
What do they believe guides humans?
A
Humans are guided by desire to express and realize our goals, hopes, and talents
3
Q
What do humanists focus on?
A
- meaning of life/goals for individual
- on individual’s unique perception of the world.
4
Q
humanism is more ______ than most theories
A
idiographic
5
Q
What do humanists avoid
A
• Avoid reductionism – they do not believe it’s possible to break personality down to it’s parts. There are no units, see individuals as wholes
6
Q
What are the 4 Humanistic principles?
A
- should study the experiencing person
– no non-human subjects - Concerned with Choice, creativity and self realization
– self realization: fulfilling of inner potential, - Only personally and socially significant problems should be studied
- The major concern is the dignity and enhancement of people
• most optimistic approach
7
Q
What is “instinctoid” motivation?
A
= like/similar to animal instincts but not the same
• Can be controlled, repressed
• Overlain by learning, cultural expectation
8
Q
What are the 3 ways maslow’s pyramid is organized? (from bottom to top)
A
→ move from needs that are evolutionarily old to those that are more recent – at the bottom hare the needs with most other organisms
→ from needs developing early in the individual’s life to those developing later
→ from needs that are primarily biological or physiological to those that are primarily psychological.
9
Q
What are the needs in the pyramid (from bottom to top)
A
- physiological Needs
- Saftey needs (shows at 1yr)
- Love and belongingness Needs
- Esteem Needs (3 or 4)
- Self-actualization (top)
10
Q
It is easier to meet the needs at the ______ of the pyramid. because?
A
bottom, because the ways to satisfy them become narrower the higher you go
11
Q
what % satisfaction do you need at one level before the next starts to emerge?
A
15-20%
12
Q
what does it mean for our behaviours to be over determined?
A
we arrange for our behaviours to satisfy multiple needs at once (going out to lunch with a friend)
13
Q
What are physiological needs?
A
- Emerges at birth
- Food and water
- Oxygen (less like a need)
- Unclear about sex, some features may meet this category
- He argues if you are always deprived of foods you will never reach the higher levels
14
Q
What are safety needs?
A
- More than just having a roof over your head or avoiding physical harm
- Extends the notion to predictability – we need a life in which we know what’s going to happen next. A structure to follow with a defined order
- security
15
Q
what are love and belongingness needs
A
- unique need for humans
- want to be part of a group and identify with the members
- being loved (receiving) and give love as well
- greatest source of human suffering and failure to meet these needs
16
Q
What are Esteem needs?
A
- Need to be respected by others
- need to accept ourselves (much harder) value of ourselves
- People can have one type of esteem without the other
- Does not tend to be fully satisfied
17
Q
What is self-actualization
A
- the fuller realization of what we are already
- Becoming who it is that we actually are
- Fulfillment of destiny
- Fuller acceptance of inner nature
18
Q
What are the two types of needs that are not in the pyramid?
A
- Cognitive needs (Needs to understand/Curiosity_
- More young children
- Present from birth - Aesthetic Needs (Need for structure, order and organization)
- Artistic needs
- Less common than cognitive needs
19
Q
What are the 4 exceptions to the hierarchy?
A
- Reversal of order - most common = Esteem before love/belonging
- Long satisfied need undervalued – so used to having need met that when taken away love and belonging needs remain in absence of lower level need
- Creativity overwhelms other drives – sacrifice lower level needs for higher level, the starving artist
- Satisfaction of constant lack: one who never had lower need met and suddenly has it will be fully satisfied with just having these lower needs met (physiological or safety)
20
Q
how many reach self actualization
A
• Very few reach it (1%)
21
Q
What are Deficiency motives ?
A
The first 4 needs in the pyramid - when they aren’t satisfied there is something missing
all instinctoid
22
Q
What kind of motive is self actualization?
A
a Being values/motive – guides to our conduct
- growth motivated rather than deficiency motivated
23
Q
When someone is self actualizing where does development proceed from?
A
from within
24
Q
What exactly is self actualization?
A
- self actualization as child-like, developing a wise innocence, a return to the way we interpret things as children
- Characterized from by a lack of motivation
- Cognition changes from Deficiency- cognition to Being- cognition
25
What is D-cognition?
Deficiency cognition/perception
• Active – always striving and never getting anywhere, a constant searching for things that can meet our D needs
• Focused on the D-need that is missing - When we are hungry all we notice is food
26
What is B-cognition?
Being cognition
• Passive – not struggling to accomplish things, working through life day by day. An open calmness
• Unfocused – broader awareness, stop and smell the roses approach
• Type of seeing involving a letting go, walking “without a camera” instead of from shot to shot, take in everything equally without interior commentary
27
What are maslow's growth oriented B-values (list all 8)
* Dichotomy Transcendence
* Aliveness
* Simplicity
* Richness
* Effortlessness
* Playfulness
* Self-Sufficiency
* Meaningfulness
28
What is Dichotomy Trancendence (growth oriented B-value)
- we think in two categories (black/white, rich/poor, good/bad)
- Self actualizing person tries to rise above this tendency to dichotomize
29
Aliveness? (growth oriented B-value)
- child like value – they are alive to the world around them, noticing details that adults don’t
- Living broadly
- Being fully in the moment – seeing numerous potentials in everything
- Taking in the richness
30
Simplicity (growth oriented B-value)
- there are very few things that are actually important
- Realizes it is the simple thing in life that are really important
- Recognition and valuing of the simple important things
31
Richness (growth oriented B-value)
- Related to aliveness but more related to living deeply
| - Extracting all the pleasure from simple things
32
Effortlessness (growth oriented B-value)
- Not lack of effort but a mental state
- How we treat this effort, doing things without having it feel like work
- Effort is not about the amount of calories we burn but our mental approach to the activity
- Studying seems effortful but playing soccer feels effortless
- Self actualized people try to see all activities as effortless
33
Playfulness (growth oriented B-value)
- They find pleasure and humor in all things
- Make everything fun, even if it’s an unfortunate situation
- child like characteristic
34
Self-sufficiency (growth oriented B-value)
- The self actualized person doesn’t need anything outside themselves to be happy
- Believe they are a full and complete individual – being in love does not complete you it enhances who you already are
- The same is true of being a parent – people who say they need children to feel complete
35
Meaningfulness (growth oriented B-value)
- Self actualized person values meaningfulness and achieving a sense of purpose and worth
- Comes in a number of was – religion, science, family ect.
- Drawn towards situations that allow us to gain a sense of purpose
36
List Maslow’s Eight Fold way - things that lead to self-actualization
1. Self-awareness
2. Self-development
3. Growth Choices
4. Trusting your judgment
5. Peak Experiences
6. Honesty
7. Concentration
8. No Ego Defenses
37
Self-awareness (Maslow’s Eight Fold way of attaining self actualization)
- Knowing who you really are
- What are your strengths/weaknesses
- There are things about ourselves we do not want to know
- But if you want to reach self actualization you must see yourself as who you truly are (not too positive or too negative)
- We tend to be harder on ourselves and we have to get by this
38
Self-development (Maslow’s Eight Fold way of attaining self actualization)
- Start doing something using the talents and skills you are now aware of
- Take the first step to your long term goal
39
Growth Choices (Maslow’s Eight Fold way of attaining self actualization)
- Faced with choices where one choice is more virtuous but said option is harder
- These choices allow you to grow in who you are, it is an uncertain, uncomfortable and challenging
- We tend to choose the easy option, but self actualized individuals will make the growth choice
40
Trusting your judgment (Maslow’s Eight Fold way of attaining self actualization)
- You and only you now what is best for you
- Trust your internal guide of what’s right
- Believe in your gut instincts regardless of what others tell you
- Very difficult to fight pressure from others and believe in yourself
- Ex. Changing answers on a gut instinct is a bad decision
41
Peak Experiences (Maslow’s Eight Fold way of attaining self actualization)
- Brief intense periods of B cognition (from a few minutes to hours)
- The feeling of limitless horizons, with idea that something purposeful and important has happened
- Happens most often during experiences of excellence (listening to Beethoven, beautiful sunset, during sexual orgasm)
- Self actualized people don’t all have them, it’s more of a sneak preview of what self actualization is like
42
Honesty (Maslow’s Eight Fold way of attaining self actualization)
- Take and accept responsibility for your actions and choices
- We need to recognize that choices have consequences and once we make said choice we are responsible
43
Concentration (Maslow’s Eight Fold way of attaining self actualization)
- Fully absorbing yourself in the moment
- Being here completely and utterly (very Buddhist idea)
- Don’t let your mind wander to other things
44
No Ego Defenses (Maslow’s Eight Fold way of attaining self actualization)
- Allow the ego to experience everything and be aware of who we are and what we feel
- Remove the barriers that protect the ego
- Must be open t everything about ourselves and in the world around us
45
What characteristics does the self actualized individual possess (13)
* Perceives reality fully
* Accepts self and others as they are
* Spontaneous/natural
* Freshness of appreciation
* Detached, needs privacy
* Few deep relationships
* Independent of environment
* Peak experiences
* Democratic values
* Strong sense of personal ethics
* Sense of humor (not destructive)
* creative
* concerned with large scale issues
46
Barriers to self-actualization?
* Inability to meet lower need
* Lack/fear of self-knowledge
* Social/cultural norms (society prevent certain groups to achieve their full potential)
* Failure to make growth choices (fear the uncertain)
* Absence of proper environment
47
What must be present in the environment for self-actualization to occur
* Freedom of speech and action
* Freedom of inquiry – be able to explore the world and discover what you are meant to be
* Proper level of challenge or stimulation – You can’t have too much or too little challenge in your life.
48
Criticism of theory
* Nonscientific methodology
* Personal criteria for self-actualization
* Ambiguous, unclear terminology
* Creativity when needs not met
* Little attention to development
49
What are maslow's growth oriented B-values (list all 8)
* Dichotomy Transcendence
* Aliveness
* Simplicity
* Richness
* Effortlessness
* Playfulness
* Self-Sufficiency
* Meaningfulness
50
What are maslow's growth oriented B-values (list all 8)
* Dichotomy Transcendence
* Aliveness
* Simplicity
* Richness
* Effortlessness
* Playfulness
* Self-Sufficiency
* Meaningfulness
