1
Q
Define mastitis
A
Inflammation of the mammary gland for any reason
2
Q
List causes of mastitis
A
- Bacterial
- Viruses
- Fungi
- Physical e.g. trauma
- Toxins
- Neoplasi
3
Q
Compare acute vs chronic disease
A
- Acute: sudden onset, often severe signs of disease
- Chronic: disease persists for a prolonged period of time, usually subclinical or mild signs of disease
4
Q
What are the 2 classifications of mastitis?
A
- Contagious
- Environmental
5
Q
Define contagious mastitis
A
Spread from cow to cow
6
Q
Define environmental mastitis
A
Pathogen lives in environment and causes infection from environment to cow
7
Q
What is the main method of transmission in contagious mastitis?
A
Milking process, infected cows are primary reservoir of infection
8
Q
What are the main bacteria that cause contagious mastitis?
A
- Staphylococcus aureas
- Streptococcus agalactiae and dysgalactiae
9
Q
Describe the clinical signs of contagious mastitis
A
- Mild-moderate in severity
- Often chronic infection
- Associated with high somatic cell counts
- Infected quarters intermittently shed large numbers of bacteria into milk often without clinical signs
10
Q
Describe Staphylococcus aureus in mastitis
A
- Gram +ve cocci
- Chronic, mild or subclinical mastitis
- High somatic cell counts
- Occasionally causes gangrenous mastitis
11
Q
Describe Streptococcus agalactiae in mastitis
A
- Gram +ve cocci
- Highly conagious
- Obligate udder pathogen living in gland
- Now rare, once removed from herd will not return (only found in udder)
- High somatic cel count
12
Q
Describe Streptococcus dysgalactiae in mastitis
A
- Gram +ve cocci
- Usually considered contagious but can survive in environment
13
Q
Outline transmission of pathogens causing mastitis during milking
A
- Infected cow in
- Contagious milk contaminates milker’s hand or equipment
- Infects sbsequent animals
- Milking most important point of control for contagious mamstitis
14
Q
List bacteria important in environmental mastitis
A
- E. coli
- Streptococcus uberis
- Streptococcus dysgalactiae
15
Q
Describe environmental mastitis
A
- Infection acquireed directly following contact with pathogens in environment
- Environment is primary reservoir
- Most cases milk-moderate, less likely to eastblich sub-clinical disease (except S. uberis)
16
Q
Describe E. coli in mastitis
A
- Gram -ve bacilli
- Minority of cases by E. coli are acute and severe often around calving
- chronic infection rare
17
Q
Describe Streptococcus uberis in mastitis
A
- Gram +ve coccus
- Most common cause of clinical mastitis in UK
- Cows on straw yards
- Chronic infection, high somatic cell count
18
Q
Outline how infection with environmental mastitis occurs
A
- Contamination before milking
- Pathogens into udder during milking when teats open
19
Q
Compare clinical vs sub-clinical disease
A
- Clinical: identified based on clinical signs
- Sub-clinical: disease present but no visual signs, additional tests required for diagnosis, presents greater transmission risk
20
Q
List clinical signs of mastitis
A
- Changes to milk
- Inflammation of the gland
- Systemic illness
21
Q
Describe some changes to milk that occur in mastitis
A
- Clots, lumps, strings present
- Changes in colour (off whites/yollows/reds)
- Changes in consistency
- Smell
22
Q
Describe the appearance of an inflamed mammary gland
A
- Swollen
- Hot
- Hard
- Painful
- Possibly necrosis of the qaurter
23
Q
Describe teh appearance of systemic illness with mastitis
A
- Varying severity
- Reduced milk yield
- Pyrexia
- Anorexia
- Recumbency
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnoea
- Collapse
- Death
24
Q
Describe a grade 1 mastitis
A
- Mild
- Changes to milk only
- Clots, change of colour, change of consistency
25
Describe a grade 2 mastitis
- Moderate
- changes to udder
- Heat, pain, swelling
26
Describe a grade 3 mastitis
- Changes to the cow (sick cow)
| - Pyrexia, anorexia, tachycardia, tachypnoea plus others
27
What are the points in the 5 point plan for mastitis control?
- Post0milking disinfection
- Treat clinical cases promptly
- Dry cow therapy for all animals
- Cull chronically infected animals
- Milking machine maintenance
28
Describe the post-milking teat disinfection in the control of mastitis
- Anythign on teat from milking killed
- Immediately after unit removal
- Dips or sprays
- Cover all sides on all teats
- Many disinfections
- For control of contagious mastitis
29
Describe the treatment of clinical mastitis
- Identify and treat rapidly
- Aseptic infusion of intra-mammary antibiotic tubes most common
- Wide range of products
- Injectable antibiotics also used
30
Describe dry cow therapy in the control of mastitis
- Cures existing infections, prevents new infections in dry period
- Cure existing: long acting antibiotic tubes infused at drying off
- Prevent new: antibiotic dry cow tubes or internal teat sealant
- Aim to use more non-antibiotic prevention
31
Describe culling of chronically infected cows in the control of mastitis
- Represent major reservoir
| - Culling from herd prevents contagious spread
32
Describe milking machine maintenance in the control of mastitis
- Act as fomite for transmission of contagious
- Vacuum instabilities can drive pathogens into quarter
- Regular maintenance important
33
How can mastitis in the herd be monitored?
- Maintain and complete accurate records
- Sample proportion of cases for bacteriological analysis to identify pathogen causing most disease on farm
- Different methods for clinical and subclinical
34
Describe the monitoring of sub-clinical mastitis
- Usually contagious pathogens
- Infection does lead to to elevated somatic cell count
- Large number infected BMSCC wll rise for example
35
Describe monitoring of sub-clinical mastitis using bulk milk somatic cell count
- Guide to levels of subclinical in herd
| - To be legal in europe, 3 month geometric mean of BMSCC of a dairy herd must be before 400,000cells/ml
36
Describe the monitoring of sub-clinical mastitis using indvidual cow somatic cell count
- Samples from individaul cows collected regularly usually montly) analysed
- National milk records
- Problem cows identified and managed appropriately
37
Describe the California Milk test in the monitoring of subclinical mastitis
- Binds to somatic cells, not bacteria i.e. not a measure for infection
- Simple, cheap, cow side indirect measure of SCC
- Identify problem cows and infected quarters
- Milk mixed with coloured detergent, reacts with cells present, degree of thickenign directly proportional to number fo cells present (i.e. thicker = more cells)
38
Outline the control of environmental mastitis
- Ensure environment is clean
| - Pre-milking disinfection
39
Explain how pre-milking disinfection helps control environmental mastitis
- Rapid bacterial kill time
- Applied, leave for 60s, dry with clean towel
- Removes pathogens before milking so cannot get into udder when teats open for milking
- If very dirty need to thoroughly clean
- Cannot use post-dips as pre-dips
40
What is another potential cause of alumpy udder in pigs?
Actinomyces (chronic mastitis, also causes lumpy jaw)
REPRO
flashcards
Decks in class (30)
# Cards
-
Male anatomy118
-
Sexual determination and differentiation46
-
Erection and ejaculation66
-
Clinical relevance45
-
Mitosis and meiosis91
-
Spermatogenesis44
-
Artificial reproductive technology 147
-
Reproductive hormones and the HPG axis48
-
Prefertilisation sperm events45
-
Female reproductive anatomy100
-
Ovarian function and control101
-
Oestrus and oestrus detection45
-
Puberty and seasonality61
-
Reproductive microbiology29
-
Avian reproduction67
-
Fish and reptile reproduction75
-
Fertilisation and embryo development100
-
Parturition100
-
Placentation100
-
Pregnancy63
-
Placentation 28
-
Immunology41
-
Pregnancy diagnosis42
-
Assisted reproductive technologies76
-
Pregnancy failure90
-
Lactation97
-
Mastitis40
-
Animal breeding50
-
Uterine involution and return to cyclicity29
-
Nutrition in reproduction22
