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Materials Flashcards

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1
Q

What is density?

A

How densely packed particles are in an object.

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2
Q

What is the formula for density?

A

Dnesity= Mass/Volume

GIVEN IN FORMULA SHEET

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3
Q

Will an object with a higher density than water float or sink?
Will and objecti with a lower density than water float or sink?

A

Objects with a higher density than water will sink.
Objects with lower density than water will float.

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4
Q

What is Archimedes principles?

A

An object submerged in a fluid at a rest has an upthrust force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object,

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5
Q

What is a fluid?

A

A material that flows due to a force.

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6
Q

What is the formula for pressure?

A

Pressure = Force/Area

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7
Q

What is the formula for the pressure of the base of a column liquid?

A

Weight / Area

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8
Q

What is the formula linking pressure in a liquid?

A

Pressure = Density X height X gravity

NOT GIVEN IN FORMULA SHEET

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9
Q

What is upthrust of a submerged liquid equal to?

A

Upthrust of a submerged liquid is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the object.

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10
Q

What is upthrust made up of?

A

Buoyancy and viscous drag force.

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11
Q

What is Lamina flow?

A

When fluids flow in the same direction and none of the streamiles meet as they are parallel.

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12
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

When the flow lines become chaotic and mix up.

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13
Q

What is Laminar?

A

No abrupt change in velocity of flow.

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14
Q

What is turbulent?

A

Abrupt/random changes in velocty of flow.

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15
Q

What are the factors that affect laminar and turbulent flow?

A
  • Velocity
  • Viscosity
  • Shape of pipe
  • Density
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16
Q

Whar is viscosity?

A

How much a fluid resists flow.

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17
Q

What is Stokes’ Law?

A

F= 6πηrv
F: Force, η: Coefficient of viscosity (Pa s or kg/ms), r: radius of sphere, v: Terinal velocity of sphere

GIVEN IN FORMULA SHEET

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18
Q

What is Stokes’ Law used for?

A

Fluids which are low velocty, small spheres, laminar flow, smooth spheres.

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19
Q

What is the fomrula for an object submerged in a fluid?

A

F=W-U
Force = Weight - Upthrust

NOT GIVEN IN FORMULA SHEET

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20
Q

What is the formula for objects floating on fluids?

A

U=W
Uphtrust = Weight

NOT GIVEN IN FORMULA SHEET

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21
Q

What is viscous drag?

A

The force when in a fluid each ‘layer’ exerts a force on anothet ‘layer’.
This force is also present when an object moves through a liquid (upwards).

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22
Q

Is viscous drag greater in Laminar or turbulent flow?

A

It is greater in Turbulent flow then laminar flow.

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23
Q

How would the viscosity and viscous drag compare with thicker fluids and thinner fluids.

A

In thicker fluids: High viscosity and high viscous drag
In thinner fluids: Low viscosity and viscous drag

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24
Q

What does viscous drag depend on?

A

Viscous Drag depends on the viscousity of the fluid.
A greater viscousity means a greater viscous drag therefore a lower rate fo flow.

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25
When is terminal velocity reached?
When acceleration of a moving object is zero.
26
What is Hooke's Law?
Force is directly proporional to extension F= kΔ x F: Force, k: spring constant, Δ x: change in length (extension)
27
What are the axis for a graph of Hooke's Law? What does the gradient show?
Force extension graph so force is y-axis and extension is x-axis Gradient represents stiffness (spring constant)
28
What is spring constant?
Spring constant and stiffness are the same.
29
LOOK AT FORCE EXTENSION GRAPH
30
What is elastic deformation? Frow which points is it between on the force-extension graph?
Change of shape where a material returns to original shape when load is removed. Start to elastic limit
31
What is plastic deformation? From which points is it between on the force-extension graph?
When an object permentantly changes shape when force is removed. Elastic limit to failure
32
What is limit of proprtionality?
Point where there is no longer a linear relationship between force and extension (Hooke's Law is no longer obeyed).
33
What is leastic limit?
Point at whcih an object will no longer return to its original shape when force is removed.
34
What is yield point?
Point at which object continues to strech with no force applied to it.
35
When is Hooke's Law no longer obeyed in a force-extension graph?
When limit of proportionality is reached
36
Where is failure in the force-extension graph?
At the end of the graph
37
What is plastic?
When an object can undergo significant plastic deformation before it fractures. ## Footnote a non-reversible change in an object's shape after a force is applied and removed
38
What happnes in terms of extension, force and spring constant when a spring is in series?
Extension: Each spring will extend the same amount Force: Forces applied are equal Spring constant: 1/Kt = 1/K1 + 1/K2 + 1/K3 + ...
39
What happnes in terms of extension, force and spring constant when a spring is in parallel?
Extension: Equal Spring constant: Kt = K1 + K2 + K3 + ... Force: F=(K1 + K2)x
40
What is the formula(s) for elastic potential energy?
Eel = 1/2 FΔ x OR Eel = 1/2 kΔ x2 F: Force, Δ x: Extension k: spring constant ONLY FIRST FORMULA GIVEN IN FORMULA SHEET
41
LOOK AT RUBBER BAND FORCE-EXTENSION DIAGRAM Explain it
- The bigger curve is called the loading curve and the smaller one is called the unloading curve. - Area under ruber band shows work done to stretch it. -When a spring is stretched/compressed, elastic potential energy is stored in the spring as it has potential to do work. - Area under unloading graph shows work done when unloaded. The difference between the area of the loaded and unloaded curve is the heat loss The curve starts and ends at 0
42
LOOK AT THE METAL WIRE FORCE-EXTENSION DIAGRAM Explain it
- The loading curve obeys Hooke's Law so is a striaght line up till the elastic limit where it starts to curve. - The unloading line is parallel to the loading curve so has the same gradient and starts from the end of the leading curve till force is 0. - The difference in extension between the start of the loading and end of the unloading curve when force is 0 is equal to the difference in extension between elastic limit and where loading curve ends.
43
What is Stress? What is it measured in?
Stress is the Force per unit area. It is measured in Pascals (Pa).
44
What is the formula for stress?
Force/Area GIVEN IN EQUATION SHEET
45
What is strain? What is it measured in?
Strain is the change in length of a material. It has no units.
46
What is the formula for strain?
Δ x/x Extension/ original length GIVEN IN FORMULA SHEET
47
-What is compressive stress/strain? What is tensile stress/strain? How can you work out if it is either stress or strain?
- Forces that cause a compression - Forces that cause an extension - Using stress or strain formula ## Footnote - a force that shortens a material along the direction of the force (Compressive stress), compressive strain is the relative decrease in its length due to this stress
48
What is Young's Modulus used for?
Showing the stiffness of a material.
49
What is the formula for Young's Modulus?
Stress/Strain GIVEN IN FORMULA SHEET
50
What does a high Yung's Modulus show?
A solid is inelastic or stiff
51
LOOK AT STRESS STRAIN GRAPHS FOR DUCTILE, BRITTLE AND POLYMERIC MATERIALS
52
What is the gradient of the stress-strain graph show? What is the area under the stress strain graph show?
Gradient shows Young's Modulus Area under curve shows strain energy.
53
What is hardness?
How difficult it is to scratch a material.
54
What is stiffness?
Very small deformations even with large forces.
55
What is brittleness?
Whether an object will shatter or crack when there is a force.
56
What is toughness?
Ability to absorb energy from impacts without breaking.
57
What is strength?
The ability to withstand a large force before it breaks.
58
What is necking?
When a small region of a material becomes thinner than the rest.
59
What is malleability?
Ability to be hammered down into thin sheets.
60
What is ductility?
Can be made into thin wires.
61
What is polymeric?
Materials made from longg rrepeating chains of molecules.
62
What does a material being strong suggest? Wha does a material being stiff suggest?
- Strong materials can withstand high stresses without breaking. - Stiff materials exhibit less strain for a given stress.
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