What is solid to liquid
Metling
What is liquid to solid
Freesing
What is liquid to gas
Evaporation
What is gas to liquid
Condensing
What is solid to gas
Sublimination
Arrangement of particles in a solid
- strong forces of attraction
- fixed regular arrangement
- not much energy so only vibrate
Arrangement in particles in a gas
- forces of attraction are weak
- particles close together but can still move and form irregular arrangements
- more energy in kinetic energy store than a solid
- move in random directions at low speeds
Arrangement of particles in a gas
- no forces of attraction
- particles have most energy
- travel in random directions at high speeds
How to work out density
mass (kg) / volume (m3)
How to find the density of a liquid
- Use a massive balance to measure the mass of the empty measuring cylinder
- Put in the liquid you investigating.
- Measure the mass of the cylinder again – the difference in mass is equal to the mass of the liquid.
- find the volume by reading it from the cylinder scale (1ml =1 cm³
How to find the density of a irregular solid
- Measure the mass of an object using a mass balance
- Fill the bottle with a liquid of a noun density
- places to stop it into the bottle and dry the
- measure the mass
- Empty the bottle and place the object into the density bottle. Repeat steps two and three Measure the mass of the bottle.
- find the volume of the displaced water then calculate the density of the object
What doesn’t change with particles when it’s working in a closed system?
Mass when it changes state as no particles are entering
What does change with particles when it’s working in a closed system?
Volume - the particles in most substances are closer together when they’re a solid than a liquid and are closer together when they’re a liquid then a gas
Because the volume changes the density must change to
What happens when changes of state occur in mass is conserved?
The physical changes differ from some chemical changes because the material covers it original properties if the changes reverse
how does heating system change the energy stored within the system and raise its temperature or produce a change of state?
- It may be referred to as the internal energy of substance
- Temperature is a way of measuring the average internal energy of a substance
- However, it takes more energy to increase the temperature of some materials than others
- Materials that need to gain lots of energy to warm up also releases loads of energy when they cooldown again. They stole a lot of energy for a given change in the temperature.
What is specific heat capacity?
The change in energy in the substance thermal store needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of the substance by 1°C
What is a specific latent heat?
Energy needed to change state
What is the equation for change in thermal energy?
Mass (kg) x specific capacity (J/kgC) x change in temperature (C)
How to work out thermal energy for a change of state
mass (kg) x specific latent heat (J/kg)
Q = MxL
How to find the specific heat capacity of water
1) use a mass balance to measure the mass of the insulating container
2) fill the container with water and measure the mass again. The difference in mass is the mass of the water in the container.
3) set up the thermometer and make sure it reads zero and place a lid on the container if you have one
4) measure the temperature of the water then turn on the power
5) keep an eye on the thermometer. When the temperature has increased so the experiment and record the energy on the joulemeter and the increase in temperature.
6) calculate the specific heat capacity of the water
7) repeat the whole experiment at least three times then calculate an average for the specific heat capacity
How to find melting ice in a temperature graph
Fill a beaker with crushed ice
Place the thermometer into the beaker and record the temperature of the ice
Using the Bunsen burner, gradually heat the beaker full of ice
Every 20 seconds record the temperature and the current state of the ice
Continue this process until the water begins to boil
What is the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its particles?
- As a gas particle moves, they collide with each other and the walls of the container
- That particles are very small, but they still have a mass when they collide with something they exert a force on it
- All these collisions causing net force acting outwards on the inside surface of the container. The force acting per unit area is the pressure.
- The more particles that are in a given volume the more often they collide with the walls of the container and with each other so the higher the pressure will be
How does increasing the temperature increase the pressure of a gas?
- The pressure of gas excerpts on its container also depends on how fast the particles are going and how often they hit the walls
- If you hold a gas in a sealed container with a fixed mass and volume in heat it the energy is transferred into the kinetic energy stores of the gas particles and they move faster. This means the particles hit the container was harder and more often creating more pressure.
- if the gas is called the particles have less energy and move less quickly the particles hit the walls with less force and less often so the pressure is reduced
What is absolute zero?
The coldest something can get (0 kelvin)
