shapes of prokaryotic cells/
Prokaryotic cells come in multiple shapes: cocci (round), baccilli (rods) and spirilla or spirochetes (helical cells)
how often do bacteria divide/
every 20 minutes.
Have to restart their education
what happens when a femlae bacteria mates with a male bacteria
Every time you mate with a male, you turn into a male. In bacteria, “maleness” is an infective venereal disease.
at fairly high frequencies, spontaneous mutations
when do we use micrometers and nanometres
to measure a typical human cell: micrometers
nanometers and angstroms would be used to describe the size of molecules.
life span of erythrocytes, how are they removed and what is dependant on them
120 day
Removed by macrophages.
Dependent upon dietary iron.
what are the 4 roles of antibodies
- PRECIPITATION - assist phagocytosis (bring things out of solution)
- AGGLUTINATION - clumping together cells
- OPSONISATION - coating in antibody (antibody binds to epitope on pathogen
and marks it for ingestion and destruction by phagocyte) - NEUTRALISATION - prevent attachment of microorganisms to tissues
life span of platelets and what happens when it is acitvated
8-10 days
-shape changes and produces extensions called filapodia
-No nuclei
How are platelets activated?
- Have surface receptors which attach to platelet activators such as collagen and
thrombin. - Adhesion to exposed collagen or atherosclerosis
- Release granules - to recruit and activate platelets.
promotes platelet or aggregation - Produce THROMBOXANE A2 using cyclooxygenase enzyme.
Describe the sodium-potassium pump?
consists of two polypeptide chains, α and β, with 1000 and 300 amino acids respectively.
describe the potassium channel
The potassium channel consists of four subunits.
Which of the following lipids contains ceramide?
Ceramides are a family of waxy lipid molecules. A ceramide is composed of sphingosine and a fatty acid.
hat lipid are found in the cell membrane?
phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Lecithin is phosphatidylcholine.
Which of the following ion channels works in reverse to generate ATP?
Mitcohondrial F1-ATPase
what is SARS
virus
