How important is Command and Control?
- Essential to all military activities
- C2 is a fundamental requirement for life and growth, survival, and success
What is Command and Control?
- Not separate from other warfighting functions
- The business of a commander not a specialist in C2
- Command and Control is the means by which a commander rec ognizes what needs to be done and sees to it that appropriate actions are taken.
- Can be very quick or very deliberate
- Effective Command and Control involves protecting our own Command and Control activities against enemy interference and actively monitoring, manipulating, and disrupting the enemy’s Command and Control activities.
(3) Types of Commanding
Types of commanding:
* Conscious command decision (Ex: creating a whole order)
* Preconditioned reaction (Ex: IA drill)
* Rules-based procedure (Ex: Guiding an aircraft to land)
What is the basis of Command and Control?
Based on the authority vested in the commander. Derived from two sources:
* Official (rank, billet)
* Personal (trust, confidence)
Responsibility is the corollary of authority
What is the relationship between “Command” and “Control”?
- Traditional: Command and Control are both used to direct subordinates
- Marine Corps: Command is directed down with authority while control is the feedback that goes back up to the commander.
What does it mean to be “In Control”?
- Not about micromanaging individuals’ actions
- About being able to influence subordinates
Complexity in Command and Control
- Interactions between the different parts of the military system inherently make it complex
- There is a lot of chance involved
- Command and Control is an open-system that has to interact with the enemy and external factors
- C2 is a continuous action
What makes up Command and Control?
Three basic elements:
People:
* Gather information, make decisions, take action, communicate, and cooperate with one another in the accomplishment of a common goal
* Goal is to help those people perform better
Information:
* Representations of reality which we use to “inform”—to give form and character to—our decisions and actions
* Two uses: (1) To help create situational awareness as the basis for a decision (2) To direct and coordinate actions in the execution of the decision
C2 support structure
* Includes the organizations, procedures, equipment, facilities, training, education, and doctrine which support command and control
What does Command and Control do?
- C2 is a process but not a procedure
- Goal is to not perfect C2 but to have efficient military operations
- Effective command and control helps generate swift, appropriate, decisive, harmonious, and secure action
The Environment of Command and Control: Uncertainty and Time
- Hardest part is dealing with uncertainty
- Good C2 helps reduce uncertainty
- Uncertainty is about lacking knowledge and understanding, not lacking data
- C2 is also time critical and needs to be conducted quickly
Command and Control in the Information Age
- As war has become increasingly complicated, so have the means of command and control
- Integrating new technologies and weapons systems needs to be deliberate to keep everything running smoothly
The Information Hierarchy
Information: All manner of descriptions or representations from raw signals on the one hand to knowledge and understanding on the other
Four classes of information (low to high):
* Raw Data: raw signals (Ex: encrypted transmission)
* Processed Data: Formatted, plotted, translated, correlated (Ex: SITREP, CFF)
* Knowledge: Evaluated, integrated, analyzed (Ex: Intel report)
* Understanding: Synthesized, visualized (Ex: Situational awareness, coup d’oeil)
How classes are transformed:
* Raw data -> Processed data: Processing
* Processed data -> Knowledge: Cognition
* Knowledge -> Understanding: Judgement
* Integration naturally occurs as data moves up in class
Image Theory
Three images a commander needs:
* Close-up image: what is happening on the ground in the situation with your subordinates
* Overall image of the situation: topsight is what comes from a far-overhead vantage point, from a bird’s eye view that reveals the whole—the big picture; how the parts fit together
* The enemy’s image: see it through their eyes to forecast their actions
* Directed telescope: sending a specific subordinate to obtain a specific image for you, especially a close-up image
The Command and Control Spectrum
What are the (2) basic theories of leadership?
Authoritarian leadership:
* Telling and directing
* Autocratic
* Can result in rapid obedience, but forces subordinates to be reliant on the leader
Persuasive/delegating leadership:
* Inspiring, guiding, and supporting committed subordinates and encouraging them to perform freely within set limits
* Tends to produce subordinates who exhibit a high degree of independence, self-discipline, and initiative
Explain Planning Theory
Rapid/time-sensitive planning is conducted in response to existing conditions and is meant for immediate or near-future execution.
Deliberate planning is based on anticipated future conditions and is intended for possible execution at some more distant time.
Level’s of planning:
* Conceptual planning which establishes aims, objectives, and intents and which involves developing tactical, operational, or strategic concepts for the overall conduct of military actions
* Functional planning is concerned with the various functional areas necessary to support the overall concept, such as subordinate concepts for mobilization, deployment, logistics, intelligence, and so on
* Detailed planning deals primarily with scheduling, coordination, or technical matters required to move and sustain military forces, such as calculating the supplies or transport needed for a given operation
Explain Organization Theory
Explain Communications Theory
- Communications should be unrestrained and freely flowing throughout an organization
- Continuous feedback loops should be present in communications
- Implicit communication is very important
- Effective communications exhibit a balance between conciseness and redundancy
Explain Information Management Theory
Two basic principles:
* Supply-push: pushes information from the source to the user either as the information becomes available or according to a schedule
* Demand-pull: the user generates all information requirements
Explain Decisionmaking Theory
Analytical
* Based on generating several different options, comparing all the options according to some set of criteria, and identifying the best option
* Methodical and time-consuming
Intuitive
* Relies on an experienced commander’s (and staff’s) intuitive ability to recognize the key elements of a particular problem and arrive at the proper decision
* Aims at “satisficing,” finding the first solution which will satisfactorily solve the problem, rather than on optimizing
* Generally much faster than analytical decisionmaking
What are the obstacles to the command and control system?
- Uncertainty
- Time
- Compatible with maneuver warfare
- Needs to work in peace and war
How does mission create effective C2?
- Need to use mission command to deal with uncertainty and time better
- Relies on the use of mission tactics in which seniors assign missions and explain the underlying intent but leave subordinates as free as possible to choose the manner of accomplishment
- Goal is decrease the amount of command and control that we need
WHow does low-level initiative create effective C2?
The command and control process must be self-starting at every level of command as all commanders within their own spheres act upon the need for action rather than only on orders from above
How does commander’s intent create effective C2?
- The commander’s intent should pull the various separate actions of the force together, establishing an underlying purpose and focus
- Again, lowers the amount of command and control that is necessary for success
