MD2001 > MD2001 Week 8 > Flashcards

MD2001 Week 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

amount of Cl- extra and intracellularly

A

110mM extracellularly, 5mM intracellularly of this ion

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2
Q

amount of CHCO3- extra and intracellularly

A

27mM extracellularly, 10mM intracellularly of this ion

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3
Q

amount of Ca2+ extra and intracellularly

A

2mM extracellularly, minimal intracellularly of this ion

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4
Q

amount of Mg2+ extra and intracellularly

A

1mM extracellularly, 10mM intracellularly of this ion

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5
Q

pH extra and intracellularly

A

7.4 and 7.0 respectively

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6
Q

what is included in the permeability constant equation?

A
  • mobility
  • gas constant
  • absolute temp
  • membrane thickness
  • partition coefficient
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7
Q

how does Na+ get pulled through voltage gate?

A

negatively charged amino acids pull this ion from its water shell so it is small enough to diffuse

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8
Q

how does K+ get pulled through its voltage gate?

A

carbonyl oxygens strip water from this ion so its small enough to pass this channel

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9
Q

structure of an aquaporin

A
  • 6 trans-membrane alpha helices
  • tri-amino acid motif (asparagine-proline-alanine)
  • organized into a tetramer
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10
Q

how does vasopressin work?

A

this drug increases water re-adsorption in kidneys by up-regulation of AQP-2 channels (AQP-3 channels constant)

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11
Q

membrane of an ovum

A

zona pellucida

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12
Q

what happens when 8 cells are created in an ovum?

A

compaction occurs here

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13
Q

16+ cell ovum

A

morula

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14
Q

stage of embryo at 4.5 days

A

blastocyst: trophoblast and inner cell mass (embryo blast) + blastocoel + trophectoderm

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15
Q

when does blastocyst bind to uterus wall?

A

this occurs in embryological development at 5.5-6 days

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16
Q

how does the embryonic pole attach to the uterine wall?

A

anti-adhesion molecule MUC-1 is down regulated so that selectins on embryo bind to glyco-components on uterus

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17
Q

what three membrane proteins are involved in penetration of uterine wall by the embryo?

A

integrins, laminin, and fibronectin

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18
Q

what happens 1 week into embryological development?

A
  • trophoblast differentiates into syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
    syncytiotrophoblast invades via MMPs
  • epiblast and hypoblast form
  • amniotic cavity forms within epiblast
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19
Q

what happens 9 days into embryological development?

A
  • spaces develop within syncitiotrophoblast
  • hypoblast coats blastocoel to form primary yolk sac
  • amnion formed
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20
Q

what happens 1.5 weeks into embryological development?

A
  • chorionic cavity forms behind hypoblast
  • blastocyst burrows completely into endometrium
  • syncytiotrophoblasts erode capillaries which bleed into spaces
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21
Q

unsuccessful outcomes of human pregnancies and their likelihood

A

pre-implantation: 30%
post-implantation: 30%
miscarriage: 10%

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22
Q

teratogen

A

something that causes malformation of an embryo

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23
Q

effects of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A
  • growth retardation
  • CNS damage
  • facial defects: cleft lip, small jaw, wide set eyes, dental/digit issues, small head, short
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24
Q

2 examples of primary active transport (other than Na+/K+) and where they are found

A
  1. Ca2+ ATPase transporter - cell membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. H+ ATPase transporter - parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (control blood pH)
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25
types of glucose transporters
``` GLUT1: placenta and brain GLUT2: transepithelial GLUT3: brain GLUT4: skeletal muscle (insulin dependent) GLUT5: intestinal absorption of fructose ```
26
example of a symporter
example of this type of active transport is sodium glucose linked transporter (SGLT)
27
Na+ to glucose uptake ratio of SLGT2
Na+ to glucose uptake ratio of this isoform is 1:1
28
which SGLT isoform is found in the intestine?
SGLT1 is found here
29
where are SGLTs commonly found?
these type of transporters are commonly found in kidney and intestines
30
what active transporter is found in every cell?
the Na+/K+ pump is found here
31
mass and power of an alpha subunit of Na+/K+ pump
100kDa, 100,000MW
32
what structure keeps cell membrane potential in nerve cells?
Na+/K+ pump maintains this in nerve cells
33
What are the Kms for Na+ and K+ w/ the pump respectively?
their Kms are 20mM and 1mM respectively
34
what does cardiac glycoside digoxin inhibit?
this drug inhibits K+ binding site n the Na+/K+ pump
35
equation for therapeutic index
dose producing toxicity in 50% of pop./minimum effective dose for 50% of pop.
36
Remifentanil
analgesia used during labour; high therapeutic index
37
therapeutic index of digoxin
its therapeutic index is 2:1
38
what do diuretics treat?
these drugs treat hypertension and oedema
39
what drug should not be given along with furosemide?
digoxin should not be given alongside this drug to prevent digoxin toxicity
40
antidote for digoxin toxicity
Digibind
41
K+ levels of hypokalaemia
K+ levels
42
K+ levels of hyperkalaemia
K+ levels >5.5mEq/L
43
symptoms of hypokalaemia
- abnormal herat rhythms - muscle damage - muscle weakness or spasms - paralysis
44
furosemide
a common diuretic
45
symptoms of hyperkalaemia
- nausea - palpitations - muscle weakness
46
device to record membrane potentials
oscilloscope
47
steps of an action potential
1. depolarization reaches threshold 2. depolarization increases PNa+ and PK+ 3. PNa+ shoots up, causing depolarization to +30mV 4. PNa+ decreases and potential depolarizes while PK+ increases 5. PK+ decreases and membrane potential goes back to rest
48
what structure on the epiblast defines the anterior?
anterior visceral endoderm
49
these cells migrate into the primitive streak to form mesoderm and replace hypoblast cells to form endoderm
epiblast cells migrate through this structure to form mesoderm and endoderm
50
3. segments of mesoderm
1. paraxial 2. intermediate 3. lateral
51
how are somites made?
notch signalling forms these with FGF signal working on a 90min cycle
52
what forms in front of the primitive node b/w the two layers?
notochord forms here
53
what growth factor is key in neurulation?
bone morphogenic protein
54
what does the notochord release to block BMP effects and develop back/neural tissue instead? (3)
1. chordin 2. noggin 3. follistatin
55
Spemann and Mangold's experiment
experiment where double node makes double dorsum
56
why type of epithelium is neurectoderm made of?
this embryological structure is made of columnar epithelium
57
what happens at week 4 of embryological development?
neural tube fuses at this point of embryological development
58
2 neural tube defects
1. anencephaly (rostral neuropore) | 2. spina bifida (caudal neuropore_
59
what do neural crest cells differentiate into?
1. cranial nerve ganglia 2. dorsal root ganglia 3. autonomic ganglia 4. adrenal medulla 5. Schwann cells 6. craniofacial skeleton 7. parafollicular (C) cells 8. melanocytes etc.
60
2 neural crest disorders
1. Waardenburg's syndrome | 2. teacher collins syndrome
61
how is the gut formed in embryological development?
amniotic cavity cuts off part of yolk sac which becomes this
62
Meckels diverticulum
remnants of the vitelline duct (yolk sac/gut connection)
63
outline the scientific method
- observation/experiment - explanation - prediction - experimentation - confirmation of hypothesis - peer review - publication
64
types of primary studies
- direct experimentation (in vitro/vivo) - clinical trials - surveys
65
types of secondary studies
- review - systematic review (includes all primary research studies) - meta-analysis (includes data from all studies)
66
selective toxicity
method where drugs are toxic to antigen but harmless to host
67
antibiotics active against bacterial cell membrane and their mechanisms (5)
1. beta-lactam and cephalosporin: prevent PGN cross-linking 2. glycopeptide: prevent transglycol/peptidation 3. cyclic peptide: prevent PGN from exiting membrane 4. phosphonic acid: inhibit first stage of PGN synthesis 5. lipopeptides: Ca2+-dependent membran depolarisation
68
dimer of PGN
N-acetylglucoseamine + N-acetylmuramic acid
69
beta-lactamase resistant penicillins (5)
1. methicillin 2. oxacillin 3. nafcillin 4. cloxacillin 5. dicloxacillin
70
2 parenteral cephalospores
1. cefuroxime | 2. cefotaxime
71
2 bacterial folate antagonists
1. sulphonamide | 2. trimethoprim
72
example of selective toxicity
bacterial folate antagonists are an example of this antibiotic method
73
how do amino glycosides work?
they inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosome and preventing mRNA reading
74
how do tetracyclines work?
they prevent tRNA from attaching to ribosome
75
these three antibiotics prevent association of peptidyl-transferase w/ amino acid
chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and clindamycin do this
76
how does fluoroquinolone work?
inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II (DNA gyrate), which is used to unwind DNA for transcription
77
3 broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone
1. ciprofloxacin 2. ofloxacin 3. norfloxacin
78
2 narrow-spectrum drugs
1. cinoxacin | 2. nalidixic acid
79
original Nernst equation
Ex = [RT/zF]lnblablabla
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