memory 1

Question 1

describe declarative/explicit memory
- contents
- mechanism

Answer 1

“easy come, easy go”
- facts and events
- conscious recollection

Question 2

location of declarative/explicit memory

Answer 2

• medial temporal lobe
• especially hippocampus
• diencephalon

Question 3

non-declarative/implicit memory
- contents
- mechanism

Answer 3

“hard to learn hard to forget”
- procedural & classical conditioning
- without conscious recollection

Question 4

what two factors make up non-declarative memory?

Answer 4

• procedural
• classical conditioning

Question 5

what info and brain areas are involved with procedural and classical conditioning?

Answer 5

procedural
- skills and habits = striatum

classical conditioning
- skeletal musculature = cerebellum
- emotional responses = amygdala

Question 6

what are the two ways that non-declarative conditioning is formed? define them?

Answer 6

non-associative
- change in behavioral response that occurs over time to a single stimuli

associative
- change in behavioral response that occurs due to formation of association between to events

Question 7

what are the 2 types of non-associative learning?

Answer 7

habituation
- decrease response to meaningless stimulus

sensitization
- increase response to sensory stimulus

Question 8

what are the 2 types of associative learning?
describe them?

Answer 8

classical conditioning
- stimulus evokes a response

instrumental/operant conditioning
- association of a response with a stimuli

Question 9

describe working memory

Answer 9

• only last for seconds
• limited capacity

Question 10

describe short-term memory
what is it like physically?

Answer 10

• last for hours to days
• large capacity
• physical change that fades with time

Question 11

what can disrupt short term memory?

Answer 11

• ECT
• head trauma
• does not disrupt long term

Question 12

describe long term memory

Answer 12

• unlimited capacity
• weeks to years
• stable despite head trauma

Question 13

brain area for working memory?

Answer 13

• frontal lobe/pre-frontal cortex

Question 14

what happens when frontal lobe is leisoned?

Answer 14

• issues with problem solving
• plan behavior
• wisconsin card sorting task/delayed response task

Question 15

define consolidation?

Answer 15

storing memory in a permanent form

Question 16

what is the consolidation process influenced by?

Answer 16

salience and emotion

Question 17

what does the medial temporal lobe (MTL) include?

Answer 17

• hippocampus
• rhinal cortex
• amygdala

Question 18

what is the medial temporal lobe critical for?

Answer 18

• declarative memory formation and storage

Question 19

what does the lateral temporal lobe include?

Answer 19

• high order visual areas
• IT area that responds to complex object

Question 20

what happens when the temporal lobe is electrically stimulated?

Answer 20

• complex experiences of memories

Question 21

what happens when temporal lobe is damaged?

Answer 21

• amnesia

Question 22

what are the types of amnesias?

Answer 22

retrograde
- forget past memories, usually graded in time

anterograde
- inability to form new memories

Question 23

what parts of the brain were missing in patient HM?

Answer 23

• amygdala
• hippocampus

Question 24

what did HM suffer from?
what remained?
what did he lack?

Answer 24

• absolute anterograde amnesia
• partial retrograde amnesia
• he had a good working memory
• could remember procedural tasks

lacked ability to consolidate

Question 25

what does HM still having memory tell us?

Answer 25

memories are broadly distributed throughout the brain - hippocampus may have to do with linking new sensory information and to older memories

Question 26

what does delayed non-match task say about MTL?

Answer 26

- medial temporal lesions cause anterograde amnesia

Question 27

hippocampus lesion + spatial memory? (arm maze)

Answer 27

- can still learn task=procedural memory is fine - but forgets which arm had the food=working or short term memory is impaired

Question 28

bilateral hippocampus lesion + spatial memory? (water maze)

Answer 28

- rat is unable to get better at finding platform

Question 29

what cells are in the hippocampus specifically? what do they respond to?

Answer 29

place cells - responds to the place where the animal thinks it is grid cells - activate at many locations that can be laid out in a grid

Question 30

where do grid cells get their input from?

Answer 30

entorhinal cortex

Question 31

what is the cognitive map theory?

Answer 31

the theory that the hippocampus creates a map of the environment

Question 32

large hippocampus =?

Answer 32

large navigation capacities

Question 33

7 aspects of hippocampus?

Answer 33

1) consolidation 2) short term memory 3) spatial memory 4) link information 5) grids 6) selectivity for faces and objects 7) lesions may disrupt memory and spatial

Question 34

what is reconsolidation?

Answer 34

- recall reactivates memories and they are stored again - memories may be altered after reconsolidation

Question 35

what does reactivating a memory do?

Answer 35

makes it plastic again, meaning it is susceptible to change

Question 36

what can block memory formations?

Answer 36

- benzodiazepines - ECS

Question 37

keep going!

Answer 37

!

Question 38

what do benzodiazepines do? how do they work?

Answer 38

- they cause anterograde amnesia for events shortly after administration - GABA-A receptors have benzodiazepines receptors

Question 39

what does HDAC2 do?

Answer 39

shuts off plasticity genes

Question 40

what is the effect of a HDAC2 inhibitor?

Answer 40

plasticity will be turned on and old associations can be altered - think mouse, sound, shock experiment