Summarise the open and closed loop models of feedback.
Open loop – a control system with a
pre-programmed set of instructions
to an effector + no feedback/error detection process.
- Model comprised of input, executive
system, effector system and output
* Movements made with no
compensatory adjustments during
performance e.g., golf swing
Closed loop – gives feedback during
movement via proprioception/senses
* Deviations from the norm/motor
programme are detected and
corrections made during
performance
* Model comprised of input, executive
system, effector system, feedback
and output e.g. tennis serve – ball
toss
Explain how schema theory works when performing a skill
Recall Schema:
- occurs before a movement is
initiated and includes the following
information which the performer
must know to form a schema:
- Each time we perform a skill we
recall from our LTM
- A generalised motor programme
that is a close fit to the new skill
and adapt it: initial conditions and
response specifications.
- Performer takes into account
immediate factors such as weather,
speed of a ball, movement of
opposition/team members, tactical
demand.
- Link to DCR process.
Recognition Schema
- During and after the skill is
performed the skill is then evaluated
as a correct/incorrect response.
- 2 types of information obtain:
combine - movement outcomes
(result) and sensory responses
(feelings from sensory systems
about the performance – KR/KP
- Future adaptations possible from
revised/reinforced GMP in LTM.
- Link to Open and Closed Loop motor
control.
DCR process
Detection: athlete will detect info/input from their enviornment via proprioceptors
- Stimulis ID: info stored temporarily and if detected to be relevant stored in STM
- e.g perfromer identifies cues from enviornemt e.g flight of ball
- Comparison/Response selection: info is intreperted + compared w info in STM/LTM past expereinces then Recognition to previous timuli and appropriate response = decison making e.g catch ball
- Response programming = instructions sent to muscles
- Output: action carred out + feedback stored for future reference
- Welfords model the same basically
STSS
- limitess store of info for very short time period of 0.25-1s
- selected info passed to STM for further processing
- info from senses/stimuli from enviornemnt
- Selective attention so relevant info filtered through + unimportant info forgotten + replaced
- RT can be enahced through developing selective attention
STM
- process where stimulus/STSS info goes through detection to deceide what to pass to LTM ONLY if rehearsed + deemed impt
- comparison + recognotion processing
- initial processing is 30s or info lost between STM + LTM
- +/- 7 items
- Chunking info may enhance memory
- Encoding process as the STM requests MP from LTM which is retreieved then DECODED for correct MP to be executed
LTM
- LTM has unlimited storage capacity
- Permanent memeory
- info is well elarnd + practosied (autonomous)
3 factors affecting info processing
- strength of stimulus
- number of stimuli/Hicks law
- STSS
- STM/LTM
- Age
- Arousal level
- stage of learning
- anticipation of stimuli
- effieceny of receptor mechanisms
- time avail to complete action
Hicks law
- Rs between number of choices + recation time
- The more choices available= slower/longer RT
- if performer more advanved/autonomous will be able to filter out irrelavnnt info and focus on impt cues faster than novice
SIMPLE RT:
- no options decreases RT/response e.g sprint start reactions to gunshot sound
CHOICE RT:
- several/multiple stimuli
- more info to process so increases time taken to react
- e.g open skills like of the center pass in netball as a C
Psychological refractory period
- time taken to respond to a 2nd stimulus aft being presented w the 1st
- Single channel hypothesis = when multiple stimuli receieved only 1 stimulus an be processed at any one time so 1 response, once finishsed processing the next one can be procesed and so on
how to reduce reaction time
- practise regulary to build experience and shorten processing time + enhance anticipation reaction to stimuli
- complete drills to improve speed/practise releavnt cues
- warm up physiological + psychological responses
- mental rehearsal to focus athletes selective attention to improve reaction time
- imrpove fitness levels to decrease ohysical response time to stimuli
