Memory

Question 1

Types of Memory

Answer 1

Duration: Short term (1-30 secs) vs.
Long-term memory
Content: Explicit (declarative) vs.
Implicit (non-declarative)
Hippocampus: Mediates
conversion of short-term
declarative memory into
long-term declarative memory

Question 2

Long-term Memory

Answer 2

Declarative (explicit)
- Episodic
- Semantic
Nondeclarative (implicit)
- Skill learning (procedural)
- Priming
- Classical Conditioning
- Nonassociative learning
- Spatial memory

Question 3

Short-term Memory

Answer 3

Working memory
(Prefrontal cortex, different regions for different attributes)

Question 4

Henry Molaison

Answer 4

• Underwent brain surgery in 1953 to treat serious epilepsy
• Dr. William Scoville removed bilateral medial temporal lobe
  
  • Hippocampus
• Seizures decreased
• Memory, however, was impaired
• Suffered from mild retrograde amnesia
• SEVERE anterograde amnesia

Question 5

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 5

Inability to form new members
- antero = “forward”

Question 6

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 6

Loss of memories that were previously formed
- retro = “backward”

Question 7

Temporal Gradient

Answer 7

The closer an event was to the surgery, the least likely it was to be remembered

Question 8

Kent Cochrane (K.C.)

Answer 8

• Motorbike accident in 1981 (age 30)
• Extensive brain damage
• Complete damage of hippocampus
• Had anterograde amnesia like H.M.

Question 9

Episodic Memory

Answer 9

Memory of events

Question 10

Semantic Memory

Answer 10

Memory for facts

Question 11

Declarative Memory

Answer 11

Things you know that you can tell others
- Can be readily tested in humans
because they can talk
- Hippocampus is needed to
form these memories

Question 12

Non-declarative (procedural)

Answer 12

Things you know that you can show
- Can be readily tested in other
animals, as well as in humans
- H.M. could form this type of
memory

Question 13

Learning

Answer 13

Changes in our nervous system as a result of experience

Question 14

Memory

Answer 14

How these changes are maintained over time and how they are expressed (recall)

Question 15

Classical Conditioning

Answer 15

Neural Stimulus —> Unconditioned Stimulus —>Unconditioned Response

Question 16

Solomon Shereshevsky

Answer 16

Could remember random equations show to him years before
- Had troubles with faces because
they “change too much”

Question 17

Kim Peek

Answer 17

Savant diagnosed with Asperger syndrome, can remember entire books after reading them once
- Also has trouble remembering
faces

Question 18

Tetanus

Answer 18

A brief, high-frequency burst of electrical stimuli
- Causes presynaptic neurons to
produce a high rate of action
potentials
- Postsynaptic neurons respond by
producing larger EPSPs
- Produced longer-term
potentiation: a stable &
enduring increase in the
effectiveness of synapses

Question 19

Non-Associative Learning

Answer 19

Involves only one sitmulus

Question 20

Habituation

Answer 20

A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus; studied in Aplysia
- A squirt of water on its siphon
causes it to retract its gill
- After repeated squirts, the
animal retracts the gills less