1
Q
what is the holistic theory of thoughts ?
A
Results from a PATTERN of stimulation of many parts of the NERVOUS SYSTEM AT THE SAME TIME
so not just one place
no multiple in places in a pattern
2
Q
What are the regions involved?
A
Cerebral cortex
thalamus
limbic system
Upper reticular formation of the brain stem
3
Q
which ones determine what is the nature of thought?
A
Limbic system
thalamus
R.F
4
Q
what is affected when large portion of cerebral cortex is destroyed?
A
it wont prevent the thought from happening
but it will affect the depth/degree/correlation of the thought
5
Q
what area is essential for carrying out thought ?
A
Pre-frontal association area
6
Q
what is a vision?
A
pattern of thoughts involving large regions of cerebral cortex?
7
Q
is pain related to thoguths?
A
no it has minor involvement of cerebral cortex?
8
Q
what are the characteristics of thoughts?
A
the factors that determine the pattern that is seen/developed when having a thought depend on how strong and fundamental it is
and how long we will be thinking about these group of thoughts
how it varies is in the depth of thoughts and the correlation with other things
anything involved in emotion will give strong thought and even better memory and its preservation
9
Q
thought vs perception?
A
thought are not the same as perception if centers of perception are destructed
we can still have thoughts but they wont be clear or deep enough
higher level of the cortex are involved in perception and they are the last station of the train
10
Q
what is learning ?
A
process by which new information is acquired by the CNS
11
Q
what happens as a result of experience?
A
change in neural mechanism
increased capacity in the brain that depends on experience
12
Q
what happens to an area where learning is being done?
A
Neuronal activity increase
Blood supply increase
NUMBER OF ASTROCYTES INCREASES
13
Q
why increase number of astrocytes?
A
structural changes altering the organization of the neurons
+
the neural activity increase –> number increaes in active learning regions –> support higher metabolic , neurotransmitter and structural demands of neurons undergoing changes
14
Q
learning vs memory?
A
learning is acquiring information
Memory –> ability to retrieve the information when we want
15
Q
what can young brains do?
A
they have higher ability to change branch out/wire/rewire
compared to old brain
16
Q
what is classic notion? old theory?
A
matured brain cannot change
17
Q
what is updated notion ?new theorY?
A
the brain continue to change over the course of our lives
new branches, new connection, rewiring, disconnections
it has plasticity
18
Q
what is memory?
A
storage mechanism for learned information, experiences, events, etc
19
Q
how do we store info?
A
by manipulating nervous system and its neurotransmitters:
memories are stored in the brain by changing the NEURONAL BEHAVIOR/ SENSITIVITY OF SYNPATIC TRANSMISSION between neurons based on previous neural activity
20
Q
do we remember everything ?
A
no we dont have the capacity to do so
21
Q
can we retrieve memories?
A
YES
22
Q
what are memory traces?
A
new pathways ( selectively activated bythinking mind to reproduce memories )
23
Q
why are memory traces very difficult to lose?
A
cuz they cause structural changes in brain
24
Q
what is the role of limbic system?
A
plays major role in making subconscious decision to store what and for how long based on EMOTIONAL ASSOCIATION
25
What is habituation ?
Negative memory
its the ability of the brain to learn and ignore information that is of no consequence/not important enough
Info comes but wont go further
like random people you see in different places
Cars/trees/other items not related to you
ITS BEEN SENSE BUT NO FURTHER PROCESSING
26
How does habituation happen?
Inhibition of synaptic pathways for this type of information
IN THE POST SYNATICCC
this inhibition prevent further proessing for the info
so if we stop the info from reaching to postsynaptic we can stop it procesing
27
what happens that stops this post synapsis in habituation ?
1- PROGRESSIVE CLOSURE OF CALCIUM CHANNELS through the presynaptic terminal membrane, the mechanism of this calcium channel closure is not well defined
2- MCUH LESS THAN NORMAL AMOUNT OF CALCIUM IONS can diffuse into habituated terminals
3- MUCH LESS PRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS since calcium entry is the principal stimulus for neurotransmitter release ( no calcium no release of neuorotransmitter )
this all prevent the pre synaptic to send info to post synaptic
28
what is sensitization? positive memory?
Information that causes important consequence like PAIN OR PLEASURE , ATTENTION, CONSISTENCY
the brain will use different automatic capability of enhancing and storing the memory traces
for example you eat your favorite dish --> happy --> stored
Cuz this situation is linked to your emotion your brain gives extra attention
THE BRAIN GIVES EXTRA ATTENTION TO POSITIVE ( PLEASURE ) AND NEGATIVE ( PAIN AND FEAR)
29
what makes sensitization happen?
facilitation of posy synaptic pathways
in habi we dont want so we stop
here we want so we facilitate
facilitation mean synapses involved become strong making it easier for pathways to activate and easier to remeber
30
how does sensitization happen ?
stimulation of the facilitator presynaptic terminal
then at the same time
stimulation of the sensory terminal is also stimulated
31
what is released during sensitization ?
Serotonin ( HAPPINESS )
32
what does serotonin do?
acts on serotonin receptors
activate adenyl cyclase
Formation of CAMP!!!!!!!
Activaes protein kinase
Phosphrylation of K channels
BLOCKS K CONDUCTANCE
33
What does prolonging K conductance result in?
Prolonging activation of calcium channels ( cuz K usually repolarize and bring back to normal when blocked nothing goes back)
GREATLY INCREASE NEUROTRANSMITTER
SO this is the way CNS uses to facilitate and make us remember an important thing
34
what are the classification of memory?
Sensory memory
Short term memory/working memory
Long term memory
35
what is sensory memory?
its the one that receives everything
any sight
sound
smell
touch
Anything is received
but not everything received here goes to become short term memory ( majority is almost lost immediately )
everything is received automatically
36
Other name of sensory memory?
Sensory buffer
its the fist stage of memory
it holds the info for a very brief period like few milliseconds
just a temporary store to register what we perceive
37
how is sensory memory converted to short term memory?
attention and encoding
If we pay attention to the sensory memory input
its transferred to short term memory
38
other name of short term memory?
working memory
cuz its the active portion where information is held and manipulated
This allows us to think about , reason with or use the information temporarily but it is NOT stored permanently
39
what is encoding ?
process of grouping certain kinds of information together into folders or files to make it easier to retrieve
for example like : skills can be grouped into one folder and linguistics into another
its when the information moves from sensory to short term memory
also occur from short term to long term
40
what is the difference between the two encoding ?
the one from sensory to short is NOT COMPREHENSIVIE
the one between short and long is COMPREHENSIVE
41
why is encoding between sensory n short NOT comprehensive??
Cuz at this stage we do not yet know which information is important enough to reach up to long term memory
for example you are in y1 you only make one folder for y1 and not two cuz you dont know if you will make it to y2
when information move from sensory memory to short term memory we dont know comprehesensively encode it as theres a chance it MAY NEVER BE IN LONG TERM
42
can we lose info in short term?
yes but not as much as sensory memory
like friends give you his number you will memorize it for some time then forget
We have loss of info in all memory types its just less and less less
43
how does info go from short to long term?
in short memory we have reverberatory circuits /cycles
if these info are circulated for long time time
the info will go to the long term
44
what is consolidation ?
Potentiation
Act of storing memory in the long memory
45
what does retrieving memory involve ?
Bringing stored long term memory into the short term memory area
cuz we said that the active/working area for remember is the short term memory
46
summarize sensory memory
sensory inputs/sensory buffer
takes information provided by senses and retain it very briefly --? few hundred milliseconds to one or two seconds
often considered part of process of sensation
Represent essential step for storing information in short term memory
47
summarize short term memory?
lasts for seconds or at most minutes unless they are converted into long term memories by consolidation /potentiation
also has working memory- -> mainly short term memory that is used during the course of intellectual reasoning but is terminated as each stage of the problem is resolved
48
summarize intermediate long term ?
memories that last for days to weeks but eventually fade away
49
summarize long term memory?
once stored
Can be recalled up to years or even lifetime later
50
describe encoding procesS?
Continuous process
where memories are codified into different classes of information
SIMILAR types of information are pulled from the memory storage and used to help process the new information
this is a necessary process if one is to be able to search the MEMORY STORE at a later to find the required information
51
describe short term memory?
Temporarily registration of information
memory of 7 to 10 numerals in telephols number for few seconds to a few mins at a time
classic short term memory usually lasts for seconds to minutes if you dont rehearse if you rehearse mentally it will be kept for hours or days
52
what causes short term memory?
Continual neural activity resulting from nerve signals that travel around and around a temporary memory tract in:
CIRCUIT OF REVEBERATING NEURONS
2- Presnayptic facilitation or inhibiton at a synapse that lie on a terminal nerve immediately before these synapses with subsequent neuron
53
describe rehearsal of information?
Rehearsal of the same information again and again in the mind potentitates the degree of transfer from short to long term
ppl usually have natural tenedancy to rehearse newfound information which catches the mind attention
its done in short memory to try and POTENTIATE it transfer to long term
but to transfer them completetly we need consolidation
studying information in depth and superficial approach
consolidate memories during intact mental state vs fatigue
54
describe consolidation of memory?
Process is required for short term memory to be converted to long term memory
55
how does consolidation of memory happen?
if short term memory is activated repeatedly it will initiate chemical physical and anatomical changes in the synpases that are resposnsible for long term type memory
minimal consolidation --> few mins
strong consolidation --> hours
Prevented by dynamic interruption of brain processes including anethesia, convulsion, concussion
involves structural changes
56
describe intermediate long memory ILM?
Lasts for many minute or even weeks
Eventually be lost unless memory traces are activated enough to become more permanent
ONCE memories PERSIST FOR LONGER TIME ( LT ) with potentiation process, months , even years it will BECOME LONG MEMORY
only memory that stays forever is long term
57
what is the main player in memory potentiation ?
Glutamate receptors
glutamate is the leader
58
what are the subtypes of glutamate receptors?
Ampa
Nmda
right now in this unit we took glutamate as excitatory but in the coming unit we will see it also has different actions + we also have other types but ampa and nmda are the important ones
59
what electrolyte are AMPA receptors associated with ?
sodium
60
what electrolytes are NMDA receptors associated with ?
Calcium
magnesium
61
what is the location of glutamate receptors ?
mainly in CNS ( some in periphery )
Not just in neuron cells also found in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
62
what are glutamate receptors involved in?
Regulation of sodium
and calcium influx
into the postsynaptic neuron
63
we said nmda receptors are associated with calcium and magnesium which one blocks it ?
nmpa receptors control calcium release
but its blocked by magnesium
64
describe the process of potentiation?
glutamate is released from presynaptic neurons
it binds to its receptors ( AMPA and NMDA ) in the membrane of post synaptic neurons
depolarization happens by the activation of AMPA RECEPTOS ( SODIUM )
then this depolarization relieves the magnesium that is blocking NMDA receptors ( no longer blocked )--> channels are open cuz no more mg to block it , and calcium will enter the postsynaptic neurons
65
what happens after calcium enter in post synaptic neurons ?
increase in cytoplasmic calcium
the calcium will activate CALMODULIN kinase 2 + protein kinase C and TYROSINE KINASE
all of these together will induce long term potentiation
66
what does the calcium calmodulin kinase 2 do?
it will phosphrylate the AMPA receptors
increasing the conductance of AMPA
move more AMPA receptors to the synpatic cell membrane ( they come from cytoplasmic storage to the membrane )
making more AMPA RECEPTORS AVAILABLE -->more SODIUM --> more postsnypatic receptors available
67
what is the function of nitric oxide ?
normally its vasodilator but in cns its neurotransmitter as well
activated by calcium and calcium calmodulin kinase 2
68
what does nitric oxide do?
once long term potentiation is induced
no is released by POST SYNAPTIC NEURON and it passes RETROGRADELY TO PRE SYNAPTIC
in pre-synaptic it will produce LONG TERM INCREASE OF GLUTAMATE
69
what causes Long term memory?
its believed to be a result from :
Actual structural changes instead of only chemical changes ( more dendrites and dendrites spines )
At the synapse, these changes enhance signal conduction
Development of LTM traces which last for good
70
what are the most important features of the changes that occur in long term memory?
Increase in vesicle release sites for secretion of neurotransmitter substances
Increase in the number of neurotransmitters released
Increase in the number of PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS
changes in the structural of the dendritic spines that permit transmission of stronger signals ( more spines )
71
what are the types of long term memory ?
Declarative ( explicit )
Non declarative ( Procedural ) ( implicit )
72
what is declarative long term memory ?
Things you know that you can tell others ( DECLARE IT )
73
what does declarative memory depend on ?
Hippocampus
74
what are the types of declarative memory ?
Episodic
semantic
75
what is episodic decrlative memory ?
like episode
remembering your first day in school
76
what is semantic declarative memory?
Knowing something
like knowing the capital of france
77
where are epsiodic and semantic declarative memory stored?
cortex
78
what is the nondeclarative memory ?
implicit, procedural
Things you know that you can show by doing --> you cannot declare but it shows by using
79
what are the types of nondeclarative memory?
Skill learning
Priming
Conditioning
80
what is skill learning non declarative memory?
its a skill like knowning how to drive or ride a bicycle
81
what is priming non declarative memory?
associated with experiences ( preprs and orients the brain up to think about a certain word in a situation )
Being more likely to use a word you heard recently
82
what is conditioning non declarative memory ?
its like habits and autonomic automatic functions
like salviating when you see favorite food
83
does non declarative memory depend on hippocampus ?
no
its hippocampus independent
84
where are the skill learning non declarative memory stored?
Basal ganglia ( cuz its involved in learning new skills )
motor cortex
cerebellum
85
where are the priming non declarative memory stored?
cortex
86
where are the conditioning non declarative memory stored?
Cerebellum
87
what are the regions of the brain that are functorial structures in memory ?
Hippocampus and its associated structures ( frontal lobe) of medial temporal lobe
Basal ganglia/cerebellum-
Amygdala
thalamus
Prefrontal cortex
88
function of hippocampus and associated areas?
episodic and semantic
dominating region of memory that can be verbally said or remember
frontal lobe also help but not dominate just associatory
89
function of basal ganglia and cerebellum ?
skill and habits memory --> procedural memory ( non declarative ), its just involved not the dominating one
dominante one is motor cortex
90
function of amygadala?
emotional memory and memory consolidation
vital for formation of emotional memory
91
function of thalamus?
memory retrieval --> no thalamus no retrieving
92
function of prefrontal cortex?
SHORT TERM MEORY STORAGE
93
function of temporal lobe in memory?
FORMATION AND STORAGE OF LONG TERM MEMORY
SEMANTIC AND EPISODIC MEMORIES
PROCESSING OF SHORT TERM MEMORY ( ASSOCIATORY not main )
94
what causes anterograde amnesia ?
Removal of of hippocampus/limbic system for treatment of epilepsy
95
what does the removal of hippocampus/limbic system cause?
no serious side effects on memories that have already been stored in the brain before the removal
but
after the removal --> NO CAPABILITY FOR STORING VERBAL AND SYMBOLIC TYPES OF MEMORY ( loss of new declarative types of memory )
96
why does this happen ?
cuz of the critical role of the reward and punishment area of the limbic system
97
what is retrograde amnesia ?
Difficulty in retrieving memories established prior to the precipitating neuropathology
98
what is retrograde amnesia associated with ?
hippocampus damage as well
often both antegorade and retrograde are CO PRESENT
notice damage cause both anterograde and retro
but removal causes anterograde anyone
99
What can cause retrograde but no anterograde amnesia ?
damage to thalamus
100
why thalamus damage cause retrograde?
cuz it plays a major role in retrieving the memory
help the person search the memory storehouse and read out the memories there
Physiology Year 3 SEM1
flashcards
Decks in class (15)
# Cards
-
ORAGNIZATION of nerves53
-
conduction system45
-
CSF physiology94
-
physiology of RASS84
-
brain waves86
-
basal gangli86
-
memory100
-
PHOTORECEPTORS88
-
cerebral blood flow75
-
neuro of retina109
-
Central processing of vision115
-
Vesti and equil part 199
-
Vesti and equil part 247
-
physiology of hearing108
-
processing of hearing125
