- Is implicit memory equal to procedural memory?
- Is explicit memory equal to declarative memory?
- Which one is more meaningful in study of amnesia?
Implicit/Explicit Memory
- Set of memory tasks
- Do not measure cognitive theory
Procedural/Declarative Memory
- Derived from dissociable cognitive theories
- Tests developed to test these theories
- More useful in studies of amnesia
What is procedural memory and what is it supported by?
- Storage of skills and procedures
- Important for motor performance
- Supported by memory systems independent of hippocampal formation (Rmb: HM)
- What is declarative memory and what is it supported by?
- What does activation of declarative memory lead to?
- Accumulation of facts from learning experiences
- Various processing systems (which feed hippocampal formation - due to relational nature of hippocampal formation, declarative memory is relational)
- Activation of declarative memory
- Activation of related memories
- Independent of Environment
What are the 4 models of memory?
Serial (More Relevant to Amnesia Study)
- ) Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
- ) Levels of Processing Model
- ) Tulving’s Model
Parallel
4.) Parallel Distributed Processing Model
1.) Describe the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model.
Incoming Info
↓
Sensory Memory (Info not attended: Lost)
↓ [Attention]
STM/Working Memory (Info not rehearsed: Forgot)
[Retrieval] ↑ ↓ [Encoding and Rehearsal]
LTM (Info not retrieved: Forget)
2.) What are the Levels of Processing Model?
Information retained based on level of processing it has undergone
- Shallow-Deep Continuum
- Shallow = Fragile Traces (Akin to STM)
- Deep = Retained More (Akin to LTM)
- Maintainance vs. Elaborative rehearsal
- Maintainance = Allows more shallow processing
- Elaborative = Allows more deep processing
3.) Describe the Tulving’s Model.
- Same template as Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (STM-LTM)
- Model’s come out of people with memory problems and brain damage
- Breaks down LTM into:
- Procedural
- Declarative
- Episodic
- Semantic
4.) Describe the Parallel Distributed Processing Model. How are memories activated and how is learning conducted?
Memory
- Activation of connections in different areas (distribution) simultaneously (parallel)
- Each memory has an associated pattern of activation
- Learning = Changing strength of connection between relevant sites
Is any model correct?
None of the models fully account for all research data in isolation, all are accurate to an extent.
What is episodic memory via James?
William James:
- The knowledge of an event, or fact, of which
meantime we have not been thinking, with
the additional consciousness that we have
thought of or experienced it before
What is episodic memory via Tulving?
Episodic Memory
- Episodic memory refers to ‘a memory system that makes possible mental “time travel” through subjective time, from the present to the past and to the future, a feat that other memory systems cannot perform
- Allowing re-experience, through autonoetic awareness, previous experiences and to project similar experiences into the future
- Autonoetic awareness = highly personalized feeling of (re)experiencing oneself in the autobiographical past or present
Describe Tulving’s conceptualisation of episodic memory in extension of atkinson. What does the operation of episodic system depend on and not dependent on?
Episodic
- Depend on semantic and other forms of memory
- Shares neural mechanisms and cognitive processes with other systems
BUT
- Unique specific mechanisms/processes not component of any other system
What are properties of semantic memory? What is it not concerned with?
Semanic Memory
- Knowledge Memory
- Acquisition, retention, and use of factual information in the broadest sense
- Not purely concerned with language, verbal information, and no autonoetic awareness
- e.g. moon is round, but we don’t remember the encoding of that fact
How independent is Semantic-Episode based on Squire and Zola? What is it dependent on and what is their evidence?
- Entirely parallel within delcarative memory = No dissociation
- Both depends on the hippocampal system
- Damage to hippocampal system = Equal impairment of episodic and semantic
- Evidence: Amnesic patients have equal difficulties with ‘event’ and ‘fact’ memory (HM)
- Damage to hippocampal system = Equal impairment of episodic and semantic
How independent is Semantic-Episode based on Tulving?
What is the SPI Hypothesis?:
(1) Encoding into episodic
(2) Encoding into semantic
(3) Relationship between episodic and semantic
(4) Retrieval.
Share many features but are not parallel systems
- Encoding into episodic memory relies on semantic
system - Encoding into semantic memory relies on
semantic system- BUT Episodic Memory is a ‘unique’ extension of
semantic memory
- BUT Episodic Memory is a ‘unique’ extension of
- Retrieval is independent, can be supported by
either system or both
Describe the Dissociation/Double dissociation in Tulving’s Model.
Encoding
- Single Dissociation
- Semantic: Affects both semantic and episodic
- Episodic: Affects episodic but does not affect semantic
Retrieval
- Double Dissociation
- Semantic and Episodic: Retrieval is independent
Vargha-Khadem et al. 1997: What is the Overview of the kids and what kind of impariments do they have?
- Bilateral MTL injury
- Abnormally small bilateral hippocampi
- Impaired memory
- Could not find their way home
- Severe amnesia
- Relatively intact extra-hippocampal temporal lobe
- Intact intellect
Vargha-Khadem et al. 1997: Results – What does it tell us about episodic memory?
Results fit into SPI Model
- Impaired memory function (impaired episodic)
- Assessed with clinical tests of episodic memory
- Intact intellectual capacity (OK semantic)
- Acquire impairment before encoding semantic information (going to school)
- Demonstrate a single dissociation in encoding (Key Finding)
- Acquire impairment before encoding semantic information (going to school)
- Episodic relies on hippocampal circuit
Episodic – Semantic dissociation: What is it meaningful and unclear?
Meaningful:
- Closest heuristic framework to understand patient populations who differ in episodic and semantic memory ability
Unclear:
- Interaction between these systems occurs, but it is not yet well understood
- Some individuals with semantic dementia have impaired semantic and intact episodic
- Hence, SPI cannot be correct as there is evidence of double dissociation of encoding
- Some individuals with semantic dementia have impaired semantic and intact episodic
