memory 4-6

Question 2

What is mental imagery?

Answer 2

A form of representation similar to early visual perception but generated from memory rather than sensory input.

Question 3

According to Kosslyn, how are imagery and perception related?

Answer 3

They rely on the same visual buffer and overlapping neural mechanisms.

Question 4

What is facilitation in imagery research?

Answer 4

Imagining a stimulus makes later perception of the same stimulus more likely or faster.

Question 5

What is interference in imagery research?

Answer 5

A secondary task disrupts imagery when it uses the same cognitive resources.

Question 6

What did Pearson, Clifford & Tong (2008) show?

Answer 6

Imagined or perceived stimuli bias dominance in binocular rivalry.

Question 7

What does binocular rivalry refer to?

Answer 7

Competition between different images presented to each eye, with only one reaching awareness.

Question 8

What did Baddeley & Andrade (2000) find about imagery?

Answer 8

Visual-spatial tasks disrupt visual imagery, while verbal tasks disrupt auditory imagery.

Question 9

What is Paivio’s dual-coding theory?

Answer 9

Information is stored in both verbal and visual codes, improving memory for imageable material.

Question 10

What did Shepard & Metzler (1971) show?

Answer 10

Mental rotation time increases linearly with angular distance.

Question 11

Which brain areas overlap for imagery and perception?

Answer 11

Early visual cortex, parietal and premotor areas.

Question 12

How do children differ from adults in imagery use?

Answer 12

Children rely more on imagery due to less stored semantic knowledge.

Question 13

What role does imagery play in emotion?

Answer 13

Imagery can evoke strong emotional and physiological responses.

Question 14

Why is imagery important in psychopathology?

Answer 14

Negative intrusive imagery is common in disorders like PTSD and anxiety.

Question 15

What are the two attentional systems?

Answer 15

Endogenous (top-down) and exogenous (stimulus-driven).

Question 16

Where is the endogenous attention system located?

Answer 16

Dorsal fronto-parietal network.

Question 17

Where is the exogenous attention system located?

Answer 17

Right hemisphere ventral fronto-parietal network.

Question 18

What is visual neglect?

Answer 18

A disorder where patients ignore stimuli on one side of space.

Question 19

What is the spotlight model of attention?

Answer 19

Attention is focused on a single spatial region.

Question 20

What evidence supports multiple spotlight attention?

Answer 20

Performance is worse for stimuli between cued locations.

Question 21

What is inhibition of return?

Answer 21

Reduced attention to recently attended locations.

Question 22

According to Lavie, when is distraction greater?

Answer 22

Under low perceptual load.

Question 23

What is divided attention?

Answer 23

Performing two tasks simultaneously.

Question 24

What factors affect dual-task performance?

Answer 24

Task similarity, practice, and task difficulty.

Question 25

What distinguishes automatic from controlled processing?

Answer 25

Automatic is fast and effortless; controlled is slow and effortful.

Question 26

What is object recognition?

Answer 26

Identifying objects in the visual field.

Question 27

What is Marr’s theory of object recognition?

Answer 27

Objects are processed through successive visual representations.

Question 28

What are geons in Biederman’s theory?

Answer 28

Basic volumetric components of objects.

Question 29

What does viewpoint invariance mean?

Answer 29

Objects can be recognized from any angle.

Question 30

What evidence challenges viewpoint invariance?

Answer 30

Novel objects show viewpoint dependence.

Question 31

Which brain area is crucial for object recognition?

Answer 31

Inferotemporal cortex.

Question 32

What is visual agnosia?

Answer 32

Impaired object recognition despite intact vision.

Question 33

What distinguishes associative agnosia?

Answer 33

Failure to link visual input to semantic knowledge.