- is the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
- each of the following three measures would provide evidence for this: recall, recognition, and relearning.
memory
- is the processing of information into the memory system.
- process of memory that would be the extracting of meaning from new information.
encoding
process of memory that is the retention of encoded information over time.
storage
is the process of getting information out of memory storage.
Retrieval
- is the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.
- type of memory that records a momentary image of a scene or an echo of a sound.
- type of memory that allows you to recall visual information that you were exposed to for less than the duration of a lightning flash.
- type of memory that can take the form of iconic memory: a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.
- type of memory that can take the form of echoic memory: even if attention is elsewhere, allows sounds and words to still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.
Sensory memory
is the activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.
type of memory that can only hold seven digits, such as remembering a phone number while dialing it but forgetting it immediately afterwards.
is also known as working memory: the conscious, active processing of auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
Short-term memory
is the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system.
type of memory that includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
Long-term memory
is the memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and “declare”.
is also known as declarative memory
type of memory that is processed through conscious effortful processing.
type of memory that includes memories that require conscious recall, such as semantic memory (facts and general knowledge) and episodic memory (personally experienced events).
Explicit Memory
is the retention independent of conscious recollection.
is also known as nondeclarative memory
type of memory that happens without our conscious awareness and is processed through automatic processing.
type of memory that includes memories that do not require conscious recall, such as motor skills, cognitive skills, and conditioning.
Implicit memory
is the organizing of items into familiar, manageable units.
process that a varsity basketball player automatically does, when taking a 4-second glance at a basketball play, that allows him, but not an amateur, to accurately recall all the positions of the players afterwards.
Chunking
- is a memory aid, especially a technique that uses vivid imagery and organizational devices.
- the peg-word system would be an example of this: recalling a list of items in their proper order by visualizing each item being associated with an object that rhymes with the position number of the item.
Mnemonic
- accounts for the fact that the deeper the level at which information was processed, the more likely it is to be retained in memory.
- accounts for the fact that the type of attention you pay to information (“shallow” vs. “deep”) at the time of encoding will have an influence on your memory of that information.
- accounts for the fact that the type of processing you perform on information at the time of encoding will have an influence on your memory of that information.
- accounts for the fact that people, if asked if the word “doll” fits in the sentence “The girl put the __________ on the table”, will later remember it better than if they were asked if it’s in capital letters.
Levels of processing
- is a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
- brain structure that is the brain’s equivalent of a “save” button for explicit memories.
- in this structure of the brain, explicit memories for facts and episodes are processed and it helps send this information to other brain regions for storage.
- damage to this brain structure disrupts recall of new explicit memories.
Hippocampus
- is a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
- with this type of memory people report increased confidence in their accuracy of what happened, but are not actually more accurate in comparison to everyday memories.
Flash bulb memory
- is the tendency to more easily recall experiences when the context of retrieval matches the context of encoding.
- accounts for the fact that scuba divers that listened to a word list in two different settings (either 10 feet underwater or sitting on the beach) recalled more words if retested in the same place.
Context-dependant memory
is the tendency to recall best the last and first item in a list.
accounts for the fact that, when introduced to a number of people, we tend to recall more easily the names of the first and last people we were introduced to and not the people in the middle.
Serial position effect
is an inability to form new memories
Anterograde amnesia
is an inability to retrieve information from one’s past
Retrograde amnesia
is the disruption effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
proactive interferance
is the disruption effect of new learning on the recall of old information
retroactive interferance
is the incorporation of misleading information into one’s memory of an event
Misinformation effect
is attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined
source amnesia
