What is memory?
The system that enables the storage of information and the process of storing and retrieving information
What are the three primary processes of memory?
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
What is encoding?
Encode information and putting it into active memory
What is storage?
consolidation of working memories into long term memory
What is active memory (working memory)?
Consciousness. Work on information that comes in.
What is the cognitive based theories of memory?
Memories are stored in parts, when retrieved they are brought together through rin convergence centres
What is the dynamical systems theory of memory?
Patterns form by self organisation. An individual’s memory is influenced by environmental features during formation and recall
What is procedural (implicit) memory?
Knowing how to do something (automated)
What is episodic memory?
Events (autobiographical). where and when.
What is semantic memory?
knowledge of facts
What are the two independent memory systems?
Procedural
Declarative/Explicit
What is declarative/explicit memory? sub types?
knowledge we can declare. Semantic (facts) and episodic (events)
How do experts and novices use memory differently?
Expert have richer semantic memory of skill related facts
Novices have richer episodic memory of skill performances
Explain the expert-monitoring hypothesis? (choking)
Poor skill performance often results when experts attempt to use declarative memory to perform skills encoded in procedural form
What are the 3 stages of memory?
- sensory
- short term memory (conscious)
- Long term memory
What is sensory memory duration and storage capacity?
> 1 second duration
unlimited storage
What is short term memory duration and storage capacity?
duration 20-30 secs
storage 7 +/- 2 items
What is long term memory duration and capacity?
permanent and unlimited
What are the ways practice can be setup to take advantage of memory? (5)
- Chunking 7+/-2 meaningful units for instruction
- Primary-recency or serial order effect to facilitate consolidation in LTM
- Distributed practice schedules
- Priming
- Cues
- Restful sleep (6-8 hrs)
What is forgetting?
the loss of the ability to retrieve information from memory
What is trace decay theory?
the fading of a memory trace overtime to explain forgetting in sensory and STM
What are the practice guidelines to reduce interference? (2)
- similarity and temporal closeness affect interference
- separate similar skills within a practice session
- prefer proactive inhibition over retroactive inhibition for new skills (practice new skills later in session)
What is interference theory? what are the 2 types?
memories encoded into long-term storage may fail to be retrieved into STM because other memories stored in the system block retrieval. Pro-active and Retroactive inhibition.
What is Retroactive inhibition?
the interference of newer memories with retrieval of older memories
