3 types
schema and gist errors
misattribution errors
misinformation errors
Deese-Roediger-Mcdermott memory illusion
- ps study a list of words
- strong tendency to falsely recognise critical lure as being presented
(all words would be related to a certain word but that word would not actually be there = critical lure)
- some people even recall critical lure
why? Deese-Roediger-Mcdermott memory illusion
DRM memory illusion
studied words are associated in knowledge base with the ‘critical lure’ so they activated the lure in memory
gist memory
gist memory
a stored memory which includes semantically related, unstudied content
false memory
DRM memory illusion and amnesia
- reduced false memory, so errors must depend on normal hippocampal function
DRM and medial prefontal cortex
damage here reduces false memory - consistent with semantic knowledge schemas’ role in errors
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and old age DRM
increase illusion of false memory because intact memories help avoid it
gist memory for pictures
- for categorised groups of pictures 20% false memories on recognition test
very likely in those with alzheimer’s old old afe
war of the ghosts study
- people recalled unfamiliar stories shorter and distorted - changed and omitted elements
- memory distortion occurs when to be remembered information does not fit our schemas
Brewer and Treyens - memory for objects in a graduate office
- rated objects by schema-expectancy
- schema expectancy helped recall of objects
- but more false recognition of high schema items in recognition test
true vs false the same
- when scanning peoples brains whilst retrieving true and false items, fMRI brain scans showed no distinguishable activity between true or false recognition
true and false differ
fMRI during retrieval again
- more brain activity from true (hippocampus) vs false recollection
true and false meta-analysis
- still uncertain
- false on own - pre frontal activated, monitoring and checking when unsure? and semantic processing part of brain
- but not all activations different from true
memory bias and stereotypes
- can remember things wrong based on our preconceptions
e.g. if see a photo of man doing laundary may still remember woman
creating bias
- trained people to interpret neutral written passages negatively or positively
- then given ambiguous scenarios to remember
- recall of details of scenarios was then biased towards trained direction
fake news and bias
- abortion campaign
- shown headlines and images relating to stories relating to yes and no campaigns
- for fake stories 48% either i remember seeing this or i remember this happening
- people were also more likely to remember fake news consistent with their views
reality or source monitoring
- when and where?
- the source of a memory ?
- imagined vs real experience ?
- source monitoring is the ability to specify contextual information surrounding memory traces
- and evaluate what is remembered
content borrowing
- how false memories can have vivid perceptual details
- swap details between real memories and false memories
- inc physical features of similiar objects
cryptomnesia
- unconscious plagiarism is a reality monitoring error
e.g. did you tell your idea to someone or did they tell it to you
imagination inflation
- not answered a message because you’ve imagined you have
in field complex errors
psychologists vs student read case studies with vs without prior knowledge
experts recalled more detail and FALSELY recalled more details that had not been present
> particularly when schema and reality conflicted
cognitive interview
- reinstate the context
- recall events in reverse order
- report everything
- describe events from someone else’s perspective
stage 2 = reduces schema usage (Expectations)
stage 3 maximises memory monitoring
misinformation effect
Loftus and palmer
the way in which the person is asked questions changes their memory
what speed was the car going when the car BUMPED VS SMASHED into the wall
almost impossible to distinguish
retrieval-enhanced suggestibility
misinformation effect is increased by repeated testing, and reduced by long initial delay
