Memory models

Question 1

What are the two types of memory models?

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrins’s multi-store memory model

Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing model

Question 2

What does Atkinson and Shiffrins’s multi-store memory model include?

Answer 2

An input, a central processing system and output

Selective attention essential

Question 3

What are the components of Atkinson and Shiffrins’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 3

INPUT-SENSORY MEMORY-SHORT TERM MEMORY-LONG TERM MEMORY  
Sensory to short term=attention 
Short term to long term=rehearsal 
Long term to short term=retrieval
Branch off short term=recall/response

Question 4

What does the input involve in Atkinson and Shiffrins’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 4

Detection of data from environment
Detection by sensory organs-VISION, AUDITORY, TOUCH
Info moves to sensory memory

Question 5

What does the sensory memory (short term sensory store-STSS)involve in Atkinson and Shiffrins’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 5

Receives all info
CAPACITY-unlimited
DURATION-up to 1sec
Selects relevant info+filters out irrelevant info
SELECTIVE ATTENTION-focusing on items to be learned
If info selected+attended to it passes to STM or it’s lost

Question 6

What does the short term memory (STM) involve in Atkinson and Shiffrins’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 6

Working memory/workspace 
Receives selected info from STSS
CAPACITY-7 items
DURATION-up to 30secs
Info interpreted then stored if rehearsed 
Versatile-auditory can be visual

Question 7

What does the long term memory (LTM) involve in Atkinson and Shiffrins’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 7

Receives rehearsed info from STM
CAPACITY-unlimited
DURATION-permanent
Longer info stored here, the stronger the memory trace becomes
Retention improved through repetition
Mental rehearsal-info meaningful=motive to learn
Stored info retrieved by STM for recall/response

Question 8

What is a simplified understanding/overview of Atkinson and Shiffrins’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 8

Detect, Compare, Recognise—>Stimulus

Question 9

What is a practical example of Atkinson and Shiffrins’s multi-store memory model?

Answer 9

• a defender taking a 16 in hockey-attackers point of view
• detection of defenders position
• receives info on position of stick when going to strike the ball/where the gaps in the field are/positions of players
• when ball is hit, attacker would run forward to block the defenders shot/or tackle them if not directly hit
• the movement necessary to pressure the defender can now be performed-rehearsed info from STM throughout throughout match
• recall and response now used as this skill is necessary for a forward when a 16 is taken

Question 10

What does Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing model include?

Answer 10

Focus on processing that makes up memory-shallow+deep

Doesn’t differentiate between short and long term memory

Question 11

What are the components of Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing model?

Answer 11

SHALLOW PROCESSING-SHORTER LASTING MEMORIES

DEEP PROCESSING-LONGER LASTING MEMORIES

Question 12

What does shallow processing in Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing model include?

Answer 12

Occurs when recognising physical/sensory features of stimulus-looks+sounds like
PHONEMIC PROCESSING
Comes from MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL
Results in weak memory trace formed-SHORT TERM RETENTION

Question 13

What does deep processing in Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing model include?

Answer 13

Occurs when recognising understanding meaning of stimulus-how it relates to previous stored stimuli+importance of it
SEMANTIC PROCESSING
Comes from ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL
Results in strong memory trace formed-LONG TERM RETENTION

Question 14

What does the performance triangle in Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing model state?

Answer 14

Many at bottom=shallow processing-maintenance rehearsal

Few at top=deep processing-elaborative rehearsal

Question 15

What is a practical example of Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing model?

Answer 15

• a defender in hockey would use shallow processing when recognising a forward going to pass the ball to the far post of the goal and can react to the stimulus quickly, instead of waiting for the forward to reach them
• they’ve detected the ball being hit at an angle then used deep processing when understanding the pattern of the way a forward attacks-their strong side and can then used previously stored stimuli to block a forwards run towards goal
• a defender would use shallow more then move into deep-not both