Who invented Levels of Processing Model?
Craig and Lockhart 1972
What is the LPM?
Opposes MSM and believes that information is remembered by how its processed rather than stored
What does how well information is learnt depend on?
- Consideration
- Understanding
- Meaning
How does information having meaning contradict the MSMM?
It’s meaning must be more relevant than mere repetition, whereas MSMM praises repetition
How does consideration make info more remembered?
‘Depth of processing’; the deeper information is processed, the deeper the thinking, the longer the memory trace will last
What are the three levels relating to processing verbal information?
- Structural level
- Phonetic level
- Semantic level
What is the structural level?
The shallowest level of processing, paying attention to what the words look like. Info is held in STM
What is the phonetic level?
A shallow level of processing that processes the sounds of words. Info is held in STM
What is the semantic level?
The deepest level of processing that considers what the words actually mean. Info is held in LTM
How can a coach optimise on the LPM?
Use instructions and demonstrations to show the meaning of an activity
Give a sporting example of how the LPM is used?
A gymnastics coach will explain why its important to tuck; the understanding is important for remembering
What are the advantages of the LPM?
- if we understand the info, we are more likely to remember it
- the longer we consider info, the better we remember it
What are the disadvantages of the LPM?
- Longer processing doesn’t always mean better recall
- Doesn’t account for individual differences
What is the LPM’s relation to learning and performance?
Memory is improved by:
Rehearsal
Meaningfulness
Association (link between old and new info)
What is the MSMM and LPM relation to learning and performance?
- Avoiding overload (New info should sink in (MSMM))
- Mental imagery (LTM)
