Memory Systems

Question 1

Atikinson-Shiffrin Model

Answer 1

Stimulus-> Sensory Organs-> Sensory Memory-> Short Term Memory-> Long Term Memory

Question 2

Stores

Answer 2

Retains info in memory without using if for specific purpose

sensory. STM, LTM

Question 3

Control Processes

Answer 3

Shifts info from one memory store to another

Question 4

Attention

Answer 4

Selects which info passed to STM

Question 5

Encoding

Answer 5

storing info in LTM

Question 6

Retrieval

Answer 6

brings info from LTM back to STM

Question 7

Sensory Memory

Answer 7

Perceptual info for a brief period of time
Iconic- visual form (about half a second)
Echoic- auditory form (about 5 seconds)

Question 8

Short Term Memory

Answer 8

limited capacity and duration (less than a minute)

Question 9

Phonological Loop

Answer 9

-storage component of working emory that relies on rehearsal and store information as sounds

Can store as many syllables as can be rehearsed in 2 seconds (retained for 15 seconds)

Question 10

Visual spatial Sketchpad

Answer 10

• Stores visual images
• Stores info based on shapes, colours, textures

-Visualspatial sketchpad can retain about 4 feature bound objects

Question 11

Feature Binding

Answer 11

form of chunking that combines visual images into a single unit (i.e. red, shiny, smooth car)

Question 12

Episodic Buffer

Answer 12

• Combines images and sounds from other 2 components into story-like episodes
  i. e. sentences rather than individual words
• Holds 7-10 pieces of information

Question 13

Central Executive

Answer 13

• Coordinates attention and exchange of information among 3 storage components
• Examines relevant info and focuses attention on component that will be most useful
  i. e. Use of visual spatial sketchpad to remember characters in Korean because you don’t know what they sound like

Question 14

Types of Memories in LTM

Answer 14

Declarative

Non declarative

Question 15

Declarative Memories

Answer 15

• Memories that we are consciously aware of
  i. e.personal experiences, facts
• 2 Types: Episodic and Semantic

Question 16

Episodic memories

Answer 16

• personal experiences that are organized around “episodes” and recalled form first person perspective
  i. e. first day of school
• Usually declines faster than semantic memories with age

Question 17

Semantic Memories

Answer 17

• Facts about the world

i. e. Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia, bananas are yellow

Question 18

Non declarative/Implicit Memories

Answer 18

• Actions and behaviours remembered and performed without awareness
  i. e. making dresses but not remembering learning how to

Question 19

Procedural Memories

Answer 19

pattern of muscle movements (motor memory)

i.e. walking, playing piano, classical conditioning

Question 20

Priming

Answer 20

method of testing nondeclarative memory
-idea that previous exposure to a stimulus all affect an individual’s later response to that stimulus or a similar one

Question 21

Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

Answer 21

increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together (cells that fire together, wire together- neurons generate stronger and longer signals)

Question 22

Consolidation

Answer 22

• Process of converting short term memories into long term memories in the brain
• Neurons fire together a number of times, synapse undergoes physical change so that presynaptic cell more likely to stimulate a specific postsynaptic cell
• Without this changes to synapse fades away, along with the memory (use it or lose it)

Question 23

Cross Cortical Storage

Answer 23

long term declarative memories distributed throughout cortex of brain

Question 24

Amnesia

Answer 24

Loss of at least one form of memory

Question 25

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 25

inability to form new memories after a brain injury

Question 26

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 26

memory for events preceding trauma or injury is lost