Mesa - inflammation

Question 1

what is acute inflammation

Answer 1

a rapid host response that serves to deliver leukocytes and plama proteins such as Ab to site of infection or injury

Question 2

what are 3 major components of acute inflammation

Answer 2

1. dilation of small caliber vessels: lead to inc in blood flow
2. increased permeability of the microvasculature: that permit plasma proteins and leukocytes to leave the circulation
3. emigration of the leukocytes: from microcirculation, accumulation if the focus of injury, and their activation to eliminate the offending agent.

Question 3

What are stimuli for acute inflammation

Answer 3

1. infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic)
2. tisse necrosis
3. foreign bodies
4. immune reactions

Question 4

what are reaction of blood vessels in acute inflammation

Answer 4

1. vasodilation: induced by action of several mediators.
2. contraction of endothelial cells
3. endothelial injury, resulting in endothelial cell necrosis and detachment
4. increased transport of fluids and proteins called transocytosis
5. increased permeability of the microvasculature.
6. stasis

Question 5

what are reactions of leukocytes in inflammation

Answer 5

recruitment of leukocytes to site of infection and injury:

1. leukocyte adhesion to endothelium
2. leukocyte migration through endothelium
3. chemotaxis of leukocytes

Question 6

what are the sequence of events of inflammation

Answer 6

1. vasodilation
2. increased vascular permeability
3. leakage of exudate
4. margination, rolling, adhesion
5. transmigration (diapedesis)
6. chemotaxis
7. PMN activation
8. Phagocytosis
9. Termination
10. 100% resolution, scar, or chronic inflammation

Question 7

which cells play a major role in acute inflammation

Answer 7

neutrophils

Question 8

what are the four signs of acute inflammation

Answer 8

1. rubor (redness)
2. calor (heat)
3. tumor (swelling)
4. dolor (pain)

Question 9

____ has high protein content and may contain some white and red cells

Answer 9

exudate

Question 10

____ has low protein content and contains few cells

Answer 10

transudate

Question 11

what are some adhesion molecules

Answer 11

1. selectins

2. integrins

Question 12

what is chemotaxis

Answer 12

PMNS going to the site of injury after transmigration

Question 13

what happens after leukocyte activation

Answer 13

1. produce eicosonaoids
2. undergo degranulation
3. secrete cytokines.

Question 14

what are the classic mediators of acute inflammation

Answer 14

1. histamine
2. serotonin
3. complement
4. kinins
5. clotting factors
6. eicosanoids
7. nitric oxide
8. platelet activating factor
9. cytokines
10. chemokines
11. lysosome constitutents
12. free radicals
13. neuropeptides

Question 15

___ is a powerful vasodilator and is a vasoactive ___.

Answer 15

histamine; amine

Question 16

Serotonin evokes NO synthase from _____

Answer 16

argenine

Question 17

____ is a key component in the kinin system. Its actions are to increase permeability, in smooth muscle contraction, and is for _____

Answer 17

bradykinin; pain

Question 18

what are parts of cell membranes

Answer 18

1. prostaglandins
2. leukotrienes
3. lipoxins

Question 19

Prostaglandins are mainly for pain, _____ and clotting

Answer 19

fever

Question 20

Leukotrienes are involved in chemotaxis, _____ and increased permeability

Answer 20

vasoconstriction

Question 21

____ counteract actions of leukotrienes and inhibit chemotaxis. They vasodilate

Answer 21

lipoxins

Question 22

Platelet activating factor activate platelets and vas constrict and _____constrict

Answer 22

bronchoconstrict

Question 23

____ are produced produced by many cells and tell cells what to do and where to go

Answer 23

cytokines

Question 24

____ and macrophages play a major role in acute and chronic inflammation

Answer 24

lymphocytes

Question 25

macrophages have ____ and IL-1

Answer 25

TNF-alpha

Question 26

____ are small proteins which are attractants for neutrophils

Answer 26

chemokines

Question 27

what are the primary/ azurophilic lysosomal constituents

Answer 27

they are non specific - myeloperoxidase - lysozyme - acid hydrolases

Question 28

what are the secondary lysosomal constituents

Answer 28

Specific: - lactoferrin - lysozyme - alkaline phosphatase - collagenase

Question 29

what are the free radicals that are very destructive

Answer 29

1. superoxide 2. peroxide 3. hydroxyl radical

Question 30

what are the morphologic patterns of acute inflammation

Answer 30

1. serous (watery) 2. fibrinous (hemorrhagic) 3. suppurative (pus) 4. ulcerative

Question 31

what are causes of chronic inflammation

Answer 31

1. persistence of infection 2. prolonged exposure to insult 3. auto immunity

Question 32

what are 4 components in granulatmous inflammation

Answer 32

1. fibroblasts 2. lymphs 3. histiocytes 4. giant cells

Question 33

what are the caseating granulomas

Answer 33

1. mycobacteria 2. syphillis 3. some fungi

Question 34

what are the non caveating granulomas

Answer 34

1. sarcoidosis 2. leprosy 3. crowns disease

Question 35

what are systemic manifestations that occur that are non specific

Answer 35

1. fever, chills 2. c reactive protein 3. acute phase reactants 4. erythrocyte sedimentation rate 5. leukocytosis 6. pulse, blood pressure 7. cytokine effects (TNF-alpha, IL-1)