1
Q
Define metabolism
A
- the sum of chemical reaction withine ach cell of a living organism and provides energy for organisms to live grow and reproduce
2
Q
Define catabolism
A
- reactions that break down polymers to produce energy
3
Q
Define anabolism
A
- reactions that build polymers by using energy
4
Q
What is ATP?
A
- adenosine triphosphate
- primary source of free energy in living cells
5
Q
What is phosphorylation?
A
- reaction where phosphate group is removed and maybe sent to another molecule
6
Q
What is the formula for cellullar resipiration?
A
- C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36 ATP
7
Q
Define cellular respiration
A
- the process by which molecules are broken down to generate ATP in animals
8
Q
What are the different parts of cellular respiration?
A
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate Oxidation
- Kreb’s Cycle
- ETC
9
Q
Name the reactants and products of glycolysis
A
Reactants: 1 Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
Products: 2 Pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH
10
Q
What are the yields of glycolysis?
A
2 ATP,2 NADH
11
Q
Can glycolysis occur with oxygen or without?
A
without
12
Q
Name all the steps to Glycolysis (10)
A
- Through a phosphorylation reaction, glucose becomes glucose 6 phosphate and ATP is dephosphorylated into ADP
- Through an isomerization reaction, glucose 6 phosphate becomes fructose 6 phosphate
- Through a phosphorylation reaction, fructose 6 phosphate becomes fructose 1,6 bisphosphate, and ATP is dephosphorylated into ADP
- Through a cleavage reaction, fructose 1,6 bisphosphate becomes dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldegyde 3 phosphate
- through an isomerization reaction, dihydroxyacetone phosphate becomes glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
- Through a phosphorylation reaction, 2 gylcerladehyde 3 phosphate become 2 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate, and through a redox reaction 2 Nad+ become 2 NADH
- 2 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate become 2 3 phosphoglycerate through a dephosphorylation reaction while through SLP, 2 ADP become ATP
- 2 3 phosphoglycerate become 2 2-phosphoglycerate through an isomerization reaction
- through a condensation reaction, 2 2-phosphoglycerate become 2 phosphoenolpyruvate
- Through a dephosphorylation reaction, 2 phosphoenol pyruvate become 1 pyruvate, and 2 ADP become 2 ATP through SLP
13
Q
Where does glycolysis occur?
A
the cytoplasm
14
Q
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
A
the mitochondrial matrix by active transport
15
Q
What are the reactants and products of pyruvate oxidation?
A
Reactants: 2 pyruvate
Products: 2 Acetyl-CoA
16
Q
What are the net energy molecules in pyruvate oxidation?
A
- 2 NADH
17
Q
What is the purpose of pyruvate oxidation?
A
- to prime the molecule for Kreb’s Cycle
18
Q
Explain the process of Pyruvate Oxidation
A
1.Decarboxylation or the removal of CO2 from pyruvate
2. Redox reactions that reduce NAD+ to NADH
3. The addition of Coenzyme-A
19
Q
What is the purpose of the Kreb’s Cycle?
A
to extract all remaining energy from the glucose molecule and get rid of carbon wastes such as CO2
20
Q
What are the reactants and products of the Kreb’s Cycle?
A
Reactants: 2 Acetyl-CoA
Products: 4 CO2
21
Q
What is the net energy collected from the Kreb’s Cycle?
A
- 6 NADH
- 2 FADH2
- 2 ATP
22
Q
Explain the process of the Kreb’s Cycle (8)
A
- Through a condensation reaction, acetyl-coA is added to oxaloacetate to produce citrate and water
- Through an isomerization reaction, citrate becomes isocitrate
- Through a decarboxylation reaction, isocitrate becomes alpha-ketoglutarate, producing Co2 and NAD+ becomes NADH through a redox reaction
- Through another decarboxylation reaction and the addition of CoA-SH, alpha-ketoglutarate becomes succinyl-coA and through a redox reaction, NAD+ becomes NADH
5.Through a condensation reaction and the loss of CoA, succincyl-CoA becomes succinate, with the cycle between GDP and GTP loses a phosphate to ADP, creating ATP through SLP
- Through a redox reaction, succinate becomes fumarate and reduces FADH to FADH2
- Through a hydration reaction and the addition of water, fumarate becomes malate
- Through another redox reaction, malate becomes oxaloacetate and NAD+ becomes NADH
the cycle repeats
23
Q
What is the ETC?
A
- electron transport chain that is a series of proteins found on the inner mitochrondrial membrane, and are arranged from the weakest to strongest attractor of electrons
24
Q
How much ATP does NADH and FADH2 produce?
A
NADH: 3 ATP and FADH2: 2 ATP
25
Explain the process of ETC (5)
1. NADH from glycolysis goes through a carrier protein to reach the inner mitochrondial membrane and becomes FADH2
2. NADH enters the first protein which is the NADH dehydrogenase to pump protons into the intermembrane space
3. NADH and FADH2 cascade through ubiquinone and then travel to the cytochrome B-C1 complex, releasing more protons
4. NADH and FADH2 cascade through cytochrome C to the cytochrome oxidase complex where two protons are paired with half an O2 to make water
5. The protons collected in the intermembrane space create an electrochemical gradient that passes through ATP synthase that powers the phosphorylation of ATP
26
What does excess ATP inhibit?
phosphofructokinase
27
What two things activate phosphofructokinase?
excess ADP and less citrate
28
What inhibits pyruvate decarboxylase?
excess NADH
29
What is fermentation?
a less effective method to reoxidize NADH to make sure there is enough NAD+ for glycolysis
30
when is lactic acid fermentation used?
when heavily exercising and aerobic respiration cannot keep up with the regeneration of NADH, so lactic acid is prodyced to keep glycolysis going, which can be reoxidized to pyruvate when oxygen is available
31
explain what an oxygen debt is
- built up during strenuous physical activity we pay back later
32
what happens in the liver during lactic acid fermentation?
- lactic acid is converted to glycogen and glucose and taken back to the muscles
33
what are the reactants and products in lactic acid fermentation?
pyruvate become 3 lactate
34
What is ethanol fermentation?
- when organisms can function in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, pyruvate becomes acetaldehyde which is ethanol, disrupting regular cell activities
35
Define pigments
- substances that absorb visible light, and reflect or transmit wavelengths not absorbed
36
what is an action spectrum?
- graph that shows which light wavelengths are best for photosynthesis
37
what is an absorption spectrum?
graph that shows which light is absorbed by which pigment
38
what is the formula for photosynthesis?
6Co2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H12O6 +6O2
39
what are the parts of a leaf?
cuticle (wax)
upper epidermis (light passage)
lower epidermis (cell guards surrounding stoma)
guard cell (open closes stoma)
mesophyll layer (spongy and palisade and performs photosynthesis)
vascular bundles (veins for transport)
40
name the chloroplast pigments:
- chlorophyll a (absorbs violet-blue and orange red), reaction center
- chlorophyll b (absorbs blue and orange, accessory pigment)
- carotenoids (absorbs blue-green and excess energy)
- xanthophylls (absorb yellow and visible in fall)
- anthocyanins (absorb red blue and violet)
41
what is the antenna complex?
attached to protein embedded in the thkaloid membrane and part of the photosystems, capturing light energy
42
Where does the light dependent reactions occur?
in the thykaloid membranes
43
Explain the light dependent reactions:
- the water splitting enzyme splits water into two protons and half an oxygen while the two electrons power the protein complexes
- the electrons enter PS2 and the electrons become excited and raised to a higher level to the primary electron acceptor (P680+)
- electrons travel through plastoquinone and release more protons into the thykaloid space (4 protons enter this way)
- electrons cascade to b6-f complex then are carried to PS1 that has the P700+ as the primary electron acceptor
- electrons are then taken to ferredoxin and to NADPH retuctase where two NADP+ become NADPH that are taken to the Calvin cycle
- the protons that build up in the lumen want to go through the membrane and to the other side and power phosphorylationof ATP in ATP synthase
43
Explain cyclic light reactions
- PS1 produces ATP but not NADPH, and no O2 is released
- generates a surplus of ATP because the Calvin Cycle needs more of it than NADPH
- the electrons from the cytochrome complex pass through plastocyanin enters PS1 and are carried by ferredoxin back to the b-6F complex
44
Name the phases of the Calvin Cycle
1. Carbon fixation
2. Reduction reactions
3. RuBP generation
45
What is the formula for the Calvin Cycle?
6CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + H2O --> 2 G3P +16 Pi +18 ADP + 12 NADP+
46
Explain the Calvin Cycle
1. carbon fixation is where 3 Carbon dioxide molecules join with 6-RuBP through the enzyme rubisco to make 6 molecules of 3-C phosphoglycerate
2.reduction is where the 6 3-phosphoglycerate become 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate through a coupled reaction that turns 6 ATP into 6 ADP. Then 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate becomes 6 glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate because of a reduction reaction with 6 NADPH than becomes 6 NADP+ and 6 Pi. G3P is removed to make glucose
3. 5 Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate become 3 RuBP through phosphorylation that turns 3 ATP to 3 ADP
Cycles through twice to make one glucose
47
What is photorespiration?
a wasteful process where due to hot conditions or dehydration, plants reduce access to Co2 and a build up of O2 by closing the stomata to retain water. Rubisco adds O2 instead of Co2 into the calvin cycle that produces 2-C compounds instead without making ATP or sugar
may be evolutionary bc reubisco first evolved around a time where the atmosphere had more CO2 and less O2
48
How do C4 plants minimize photorespiration?
- the actual calvin cycle is moved to the bundle sheath cells while in the mesophyll, CO2 is incorporated into a 4-C compound that required PEP carboxylase with a higher affinity for CO2 to fix it, which then releases CO2 in the bundle sheath cells
49
How do CAM plants minimize photorespiration?
- use acid metabolism to fix carbon by opening stomata at night and incorporating CO2 into organic acids so when the stomata are closed in the day, the CO2 is released from the acids and used in the Calvin Cycle
50
what is the first law of thermodyanmics?
- total amount of energy in the universe is constant and can only be converted, with the expense of a loss of energy elsewhere
- universe favours an increase in entropy
51
define entropy
- measure of randomness and disorder in a collection of objects and energy, and increases when disorder increases
52
define a spontaneous change
- change that once begun will continue on its own under a given set of conditions and does not require a continuous supply of energy
53
when there is a(n) ________ in entropy and the reaction is __________, a spontaneous reaction will occur at all temperatures
increase, exothermic
54
when will spontaneous changes happen when there is an increase in entropy but an endothermic reaction?
- not spontaneous at low temperatures
- spontaneous at high temperatures
55
a(n) __________ in entropy and an __________ reaction results in no spontaneous change at all
decrease, endothermic
56
when will spontaneous changes happen when there is a decrease in entropy but an exothermic reaction?
- not spontaneous at high temperatures
- spontaneous at low temperatures
57
what is the second law of thermodynamics?
- the entropy of the universe increases with any occurring change
58
define exothermic and endothermic
exothermic: release of energy as the product potential energy is less than reactant potential energy
endothermic: absorption of energy as the product potential energy is greater than the reactant potential energy
59
what is the transition state?
- temporary state in a reaction where the reactant's bonds break and product bonds form
60
what is activation energy?
- minimum amount of energy that the reactants must absorb to start the reaction
61
what is free energy?
- energy that could be used for anything
62
reactions with _______ free energy is spontaneous
negative
63
reactions with _______ free energy is not spontaneous
positive
64
is cellullar respiration spontaneous?
yes
65
is photosynthesis spontaneous?
no
SBIU4
flashcards
Decks in class (4)
# Cards
