Metabolism 2

Question 1

regulation is exerted by what factors?

Answer 1

• Substrate availability
• Allosteric effector
• Hormones (glucagon and insulin)
• Induction of enzymes

Question 2

There is a limited amount of glycogen in the liver. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

Glucose and amino acid enter the blood stream and reach the liver via which vein?

Answer 3

• Portal vein

Question 4

Chylomicrons are absorbed via which system?

Answer 4

• Lymphatic system (lacteal)

Question 5

Insulin is secreted to stimulate storage of fuels. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

where are tiglycerides stored?

Answer 6

in the adipose tissue

Question 7

Insulin stops heaptic glucose production. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

What are the effects of insulin in the liver?

Answer 8

• It turns on glycolysis and glucose synthesis, it switches off gluconeogenesis which decreases the glucose out put
• Increases glycolysis for the production acetylCoa whic is used in fatty acid synthesis

Question 9

what are the insulin effects in the muscle?

Answer 9

• Increases presence of GLUT4

- Increases uptake of glucose as energy source and decreases fatty acid synthesis

Question 10

What are the effects of insulin in the adipose tissue?

Answer 10

• switches off hormone sensitive lipase
• which decreases fatty acid production
• Increaes fat storage

Question 11

In the brain insulin decreases apeptite. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 11

TRUE

Question 12

What occurs in between meals?

Answer 12

• Blood glucose levels drops
• Glucagon is stimulated
• which stimulates glycogenolysis - breakdown of glycogen into glucose
• Fatty acid release is increased from adipose tissue
• muscles start using fatty acids as source of energy because glucose is scarce
• Glucose being produced from glycogenolysis is uptaken by the brain
• Gluconeogenesis is reduced/inhibited because glycogen breakdown is still occuring

Question 13

in prolonged fasting, gluconeogenesis takes over as the main production of glucose. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

what occurs during long term starvation?

Answer 14

• Gluconeogensis takes over main source of glucose
• muscles stop uptaking glucose and use fatty acids and ketone bodies
• Proteins are broken down which leads to muscle atrophy
• Glycerol, lacatte and amino acids are all used to maintain energy for the brain
• The brain start to rely upon ketone bodies for energy
• Long term starvation can lead to brain malfunction

Question 15

what is encephalopathy?

Answer 15

• The swelling of the brain

Question 16

Disorders of glycogen strorage, gluconeogensis and b-oxidation can lead to inadequate production of heaptic glucose, inadequate fatty acid oxidation which will lead to the brain running out of energy and production of toxic metabolits leading to brain swelling and coma. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 16

TRUE

Question 17

Obesity is the consequence of the body being maintained in the well fed state. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

Obesity can confer to insulin resistance. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

how can obesity lead to the onset of type 2 diabetes?

Answer 19

• Insulin become resistant
• excess storage of fat in the adipose tissue
• Excess fatstored in the liver
• Hepatic glucose production is not switched off
• leading to meal time hyperglycemia

Question 20

What is type 2 diabetes?

Answer 20

• Patients become resistant to insulin, so glucose is uptaken by muscle and glucose production is not controlled by the liver
• Often a consequence of obesity

Question 21

In type 2 diabetes ketoacidosis rarely occurs. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

In type 2 diabetes there is an increase in VLDL. treu orf alse?

Answer 22

true

Question 23

In type 2 diabetes, the translocation of the GLUT4 is not decreased. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 23

Fasle

Question 24

In type 1 diabetes the patients do not have any insulin. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 24

TRUE

Question 25

type 1 diabetic patients are stuck in a constant starvation state. true or false?

Answer 25

true

Question 26

patients with type 1 diabetes are always gluconeogenic and glyconeolytic which leads to hyperglycemia. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

Uncontrolled proteolytic in type 1 diabetic patients leads to muscle wastage. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 27

TRUE

Question 28

In type 1 diabetes uncontrolled lipolysis leads to increase fatty acids in the plasma. TRUE OR FALSE

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

Ktone body production is increased leading to ketoacidosis. true or false?

Answer 29

true