Methodology Flashcards

Question

Strengths of Ethnographic reseearch

Answer 1

- Build relationships through combining informal interviewing and participant observation. Therefore, data is highly valid. - Depth of understanding - contextual meanings provide very rich and detailed data. Multiple perspectives can be accessed that can be very rewarding.

Answer 2

- Reflexivity: acknowledge that researchers may influence the research context since they become part of the social world they are studying (Hammersley & Atkinson, 1995). * It may be flexible, but data collection can be complex and difficult with regards to day-to-day survival. It can be intense, time-consuming, practical difficulties, expensive (accommodation, unexpected costs), and emotionally draining (Punch, 2012). * In-depth research, but the limited numbers of participants make the findings not easily comparable. * Difficulties in analysis and write up if the research provides too much data. * Impose on participants time and privacy. * Raises many ethical dilemmas – informed consent, withdrawal, confidentiality. * Fear, self-doubt and feelings of failure can haunt us throughout our entire stay in the field. It is important to acknowledge these feelings (Hume & Mulcock, 2004).

Answer 3

- 2 year ethnographic fieldwork study on rural childhoods in Bolivia, exploring children's daily lives in a community of 68 households. - expectation that children should be responsible for their children's in old age, whether that be physical care or financial support.

Answer 4

The aim was to investigate school-to-work youth transitions in an area where young people are particularly constrained by poverty and isolation.

Answer 5

included participant observation, classroom task-based methods and interviews with all members of a sample of 18 households with 60 children. The research took place during regular visits between 1993-1995 and a six-month intensive period in 1996.

Answer 6

In Bolivia young people decide their futures after primary school. Children choose from: a) migrating to another larger rural community to continue their formal education, b) working in the community, or c) seeking migrant work in the regional town or in neighbouring Argentina.

Answer 7

explored how young people navigate constraints over their choice of transition, including economic resources and family background, parental attitudes, gender, and birth order.

Answer 8

- Only two girls and two boys from the wealthiest families were at secondary school, representing less than 7% of the sixty 13–19-year-olds. - Over half of the young people (52%) had migrated in search of paid work either in the nearby town or in rural Argentina and 42% had remained within the community to work at home or for another household. - More girls than boys were likely to seek urban migrant work in Bolivia rather than migrate to rural Argentina, and older children worked to support the education costs of younger siblings.

Answer 9

– Young people in rural Bolivia have a strong sense of responsibility and obligation to their family, and long-term family interdependence tends to be maintained. Each young person considers the benefits and drawbacks of staying or leaving according to their individual situation and personal preferences. Punch, therefore, argues that the notion of negotiated interdependence is a more appropriate way to understand youth transitions and relations between young people and adults.

Answer 10

involves looking at data from a population at one specific point in time. - observational in nature and are known as descriptive research not casual. Researchers record the information that is present in a population, but they do not manipulate variables.

Answer 11

to make inferences about possible relationships or to gather preliminary data to support further research and experimentation.

Answer 12

-The study takes place at a single point in time -It does not involve manipulating variables - It allows researchers to look at numerous characteristics at once (age, income, gender, etc.) - It's often used to look at the prevailing characteristics in a given population - It can provide information about what is happening in a current population

Answer 13

**Inexpensive and Fast** - Cross-sectional studies allow researchers to collect a great deal of information quickly. Data is often obtained inexpensively using self-report surveys and researchers are able to gather large amounts of information from a large pool of participants. * **Multiple Variables** - Researchers can collect data on a few different variables to see how differences in sex, age, educational status, and income, for example, might correlate with the critical variable of interest. * **Prompts Further Study** - cross-sectional studies can provide a useful springboard to further research. For example, researchers might be interested in learning how exercise influences cognitive health as people age. They might collect data from different age groups on how much exercise they get and how well they perform on cognitive tests. Performing such a study can give researchers clues about the types of exercise that might be the most beneficial to cognitive health and inspire further experimental research on the subject. * **Attrition rate **- Since data is collected all at once, it's less likely that participants will quit the study before data is fully collected.

Answer 14

**Cause and Effect **- extraneous variables can affect the relationship between the inferred cause and outcomes, and this type of research doesn't allow for conclusions about causation. * **Cohort Differences** - Groups can be affected by cohort differences that arise from the particular experiences of a unique group of people. For example, studying students during COVID will be different to those studying before or after COVID. * **Report Biases** - Surveys or questionnaires about certain aspects of people's lives may not always result in accurate reporting, and it is difficult to verify this information (interrater reliability?).

Answer 15

study is a type of correlational research study that involves looking at variables over an extended period of time. This research can take place over a period of weeks, months, or even years. Data is first collected at the outset of the study and may then be repeatedly gathered throughout the length of the study.

Answer 16

observe how variables may change over time. Longitudinal studies are usually observational in nature and are a type of correlational research. Quite often, a longitudinal study is an extended case study and is a purely qualitative undertaking.

Answer 17

1**.Panel study:** Involves sampling a cross-section of individuals. 2.** Cohort study:** Involves selecting a group based on a specific event such as birth, geographic location, or historical experience. 3. **Retrospective study:** Involves looking to the past by looking at historical information such as medical records.

Answer 18

- can provide researchers with a unique insight that looks at changes over time. - useful when studying development and lifespan issues. For example, identical twins reared together versus those reared apart. Researchers track participants from childhood into adulthood to determine whether growing up in a different environment influences things such as achievement. Since the participants share the same genetics, it is assumed that any differences are due to environmental factors. Researchers can then look at what the participants have in common versus where they differ to see which characteristics are more strongly influenced by either genetics or experience – useful to determine elements of NATURE vs NURTURE.

Answer 19

-**Can Be Expensive **- require enormous amounts of time and are often quite expensive. Because of this, these studies often have only a small group of subjects, which makes it difficult to apply the results to a larger population. *** Attrition Rate **- participants sometimes drop out of the study, shrinking the sample size and decreasing the amount of data collected. This tendency is known as selective attrition. Participants might drop out because they have moved away from the area, due to illness, or simply losing the motivation to participate. This can influence the results of the study. If the final group no longer reflects the original representative sample, attrition can threaten the validity of the experiment. If the final group of participants is not a representative sample, it is difficult to generalize the results to the rest of the population.

Answer 20

-Cross-sectional studies are designed to look at a variable at a particular point in time. Longitudinal studies involve taking multiple measures over an extended period. * Longitudinal studies tend to require more resources and are often more expensive than cross sectional resources. * Longitudinal studies are also more likely to be influenced by selective attrition, where some individuals are simply more likely to drop out of a study than others. This can influence the validity of the study.

Answer 21

is a legally binding international agreement setting out the civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights of every child, regardless of their race, religion or abilities.

Answer 22

the United Nations General Assembly in 1989.

Answer 23

The Convention says childhood is separate from adulthood, and lasts until 18; it is a special, protected time, in which children must be allowed to grow, learn, play, develop and flourish with dignity.

Answer 24

- to change laws and policies so that more children get the health care and nutrition they need to survive and develop, and there are stronger safeguards in place to protect children from violence and exploitation. -It has also enabled more children to have their voices heard and participate in their societies.

Answer 25

1. No child shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his or her privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his or her honour and reputation.

Answer 26

1. The child shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of the child's choice.

Answer 27

1. A child temporarily or permanently deprived of his or her family environment, or in whose own best interests cannot be allowed to remain in that environment, shall be entitled to special protection and assistance provided by the State. 2. States Parties shall in accordance with their national laws ensure alternative care for such a child.

Answer 28

encompasses two key ingredients: **awareness and acceptance.** **Awareness** is the knowledge and ability to focus attention on one’s inner processes and experiences, such as the experience of the present moment. **Acceptance** is the ability to observe and accept—rather than judge or avoid—those streams of thought.

Answer 29

encompasses two key ingredients: **awareness and acceptance.** **Awareness** is the knowledge and ability to focus attention on one’s inner processes and experiences, such as the experience of the present moment. **Acceptance** is the ability to observe and accept—rather than judge or avoid—those streams of thought.

Answer 30

Dweck likened mindfulness to a growth mindset where motivation and self-regulation, regulated through effort and persistence, affects achievement and interpersonal processes. This contrasts with a fixed mindset where people believe they are born with abilities, such as intelligence, that cannot change.

Answer 31

The goal of mindfulness is to cultivate perspective on one’s consciousness and identity that can bring greater peace mentally and relationally.

Answer 32

Mindfulness is one form of meditation. Meditation utilizes various practices to quiet the mind or achieve a higher level of consciousness, one of which is mindfulness. Mindfulness can be cultivated within or outside of formal meditation and woven into any activity, such as taking a walk or being engaged in conversation.

Answer 33

Mindfulness encompasses awareness and acceptance, which can help people understand and cope with uncomfortable emotions, allowing them to gain control and relief. To cultivate these skills, concentrate on breathing to lengthen and deepen your breaths. Foster an awareness of the five senses. Notice your thoughts and feelings, and practice curiosity and self-compassion.

Answer 34

Mindfulness is frequently used in meditation and certain kinds of therapy. Its benefits include lowering stress levels, reducing harmful ruminating, and protecting against depression and anxiety. Research even suggests that mindfulness can help people better cope with rejection and social isolation.

Answer 35

Research has shown that teaching children mindfulness can impact their cognitive skills, particularly the executive functions performed by the brain. Executive functions are responsible for a person's ability to pay attention, switch focus, organize information, remember details, and engage in planning

Answer 36

- hypothesized that mindfulness training through meditation may minimize influences that interfere with prefrontal cortical function, and cultivate the growth of children’s social-emotional, physical, and cognitive development. Findings - After completion of the program, the children’s attention scores increased significantly. Slightly over 64% of students that participated showed a 20% increase in attention skills which were measured by the computerized Attention Network Test child version (ANT-C), that included a child’s executive control performance.

Answer 37

measured the electrical brain activity as students encountered an error. Those with a fixed mindset showed less activity than those with a growth mindset who engaged deeply with the problem.

Answer 38

Mindfulness meditation helps children to concentrate on tasks aiding cognitive development as they learn to ignore distractions as Moore and Malinowski (2009) found that there was a positive correlation between high levels of meditation and attentional control so ppts that pay more attention to tasks may improve cognitive function

Answer 39

Mindfulness meditation helps children to concentrate on tasks aiding cognitive development as they learn to ignore distractions as Moore and Malinowski (2009) found that there was a positive correlation between high levels of meditation and attentional control so ppts that pay more attention to tasks may improve cognitive function

Answer 40

School based mindfulness programmes often require all students to participate so they may not engage in the process if they are not committed to the programme. Therefore, it may not be effective in enhancing children's social, emotional, or cognitive development, limiting the practical application in everyday school life.

Methodology Flashcards

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