Methods

Question 1

Quantitative

Answer 1

Numerical data, information that is or can be converted into numbers

Question 2

Qualitative Data

Answer 2

Descriptive data

Question 4

Types of questions

Answer 4

Closed questions

Open questions

Attitude scales

Question 5

Open questions

Answer 5

Do not involve preset answers, allow respondents to answer freely

Question 6

Strength of Open questions

Answer 6

• Greater, more accurate amswers

Question 7

Weakness of Open questions

Answer 7

• require more time and effort
• degree of qualitative analysis
-> subjective interpretation from researcher

Question 8

Ranked scale

Answer 8

Answering through the raking of options from high to low.

Example:

“Put the following list of animals in the order in which you fear them; place the most feared in position 1, and so on”

Horse, rat, spider, cat, rabbit, dog, cow

Question 9

Types of Interviews

Answer 9

Structured

Semi- structured

Unstructured

Question 10

Closed questions

Answer 10

Questions with preset fixed answers that respondant has to circle/tick

• quantitative data
• fixed choice

Question 11

Semi- Structured Interview

Answer 11

More conversational and dynamic. A set of questions that they aim to be answered but do not follow a standardized format.

• quantitative and qualitative data

Question 12

Unstructured Interview

Answer 12

Loose research aim with no standardized questions.

• qualitative data

Question 13

Requirements when conducting Unstructured Interviews

Answer 13

Researcher:

• analytical
• skilled at achieving a good rapport
• good listening skills
• non-judgmental language

Ethical:

• details must be anonymized
• deal sensitively when asking personal information
• must not breech right to privacy

Question 14

Sampling Techniques

Answer 14

Random sampling

Stratified sampling

Opportunity sampling

Volunteer sampling

Question 15

Random sampling

Answer 15

Participants are recruited randomly.

Through:
• random sequences produced by computers
• place names in a hat

Question 16

Random sampling strengths and weaknesses

Answer 16

+ representative of population

• unrepresentative by chance
• obtain consent from each participant

Question 17

Stratified sampling

Answer 17

Recruiting participants with specific traits to fit the target population better.

Through:
• target population of an office, recruit office workers
• target population of a school, recruit students and teachers

Question 18

Stratified sampling strengths and weaknesses

Answer 18

+ representative of target population

• time consuming finding participants

Question 19

Opportunity sampling

Answer 19

Using participants who are available at the time.

Through:
• passers-by

Question 20

Opportunity sample strengths and weaknesses

Answer 20

+ fast and simple

• limited control over recruitments
• not everyone has an equal chance

Question 21

Volunteer sampling

Answer 21

Self-selected participants who volunteer to take part after having heard of the existence of this study.

Through:
• adverts (newspapers, tv, student common room)
•

Question 22

Volunteer sampling strengths and weaknesses

Answer 22

• no control over recruitments
• certain type of participants might take part making it less representative
• sample bias

+ pretesting volunteers reduces sample bias
+ fast and simple

Question 23

Structured interview

Answer 23

Standardized interviews consisting of the same question in the same order so that all respondents are asked the same questions in the same way

• closed questions

Question 24

Attitude scales

Answer 24

Range of different options to answer

• likert scale
• ranked scale

Question 25

Likert scale

Answer 25

Respondants rate their opinion

Example:

“Naughty children should be smacked”

   5            4            3              2                    1 S. agree | Agree | Neutral | Disagree | S. Disagree

Question 26

Social desirability

Answer 26

When a respondent does not give a genuine answer instead giving one that depicts them in a positive light.

Question 27

Self-report Data

Answer 27

A method to gather information about how people feel, their attitudes and opinions, personality types and other traits.

Question 28

Types of self-report methods

Answer 28

- surveys - interview - questionnaires

Question 29

Questionnaire

Answer 29

Designed to gather a large amount of data by accessing a large sample

Question 30

Measures of central tendency

Answer 30

- mean - median - mode

Question 31

Measures of dispersion

Answer 31

- range | - standard deviation

Question 32

CAT Scans

Answer 32

- multiple X-rays - produced cross-sectional image of brain - create 3D image of brain - highlights brain damage/ tumours

Question 33

Evaluate the use of CAT scans

Answer 33

+ easy + accurate - do not show brain activity - harmful

Question 34

PET scans

Answer 34

- 3D computer generated images - radioactive injected tracer - releases Gamma rays - high activity = more gamma rays - used to find out active parts of the brain

Question 35

fMRI Scans

Answer 35

- through oxygen - detects changes of blood-oxygenation and flow - active areas use more oxygen - used to investigate: learning, emotion, memory - electromagnets used to detect blood changes

Question 36

Evaluate the use of fMRI scans

Answer 36

+ shows brain activity + non-invasive (nothing injected) + non-harmful (no radiation) + more specific - people with mental implants/ pacemakers cannot get fMRI scans - claustrophobic people might have problems - more expensive

Question 37

Brain scanning techniques

Answer 37

- CAT scans - PET scans - fMRI

Question 40

Evaluate the use of PET scans

Answer 40

+ raine et al. used it (evidence) + shows non functioning areas of the brain - harmful (radioactive)

Question 41

Experimental designs

Answer 41

* independent groups design * repeated measures design * matched pairs design

Question 42

Independent Groups Design

Answer 42

Each condition has completely different groups of people

Question 43

Repeated Measures Design

Answer 43

Everyone is in both experimental and control group

Question 44

Matched Pairs Design

Answer 44

Different participants in each condition BUT matched on important characteristics