Micr Mod 2

Question 1

What is innate immunity?

Answer 1

First line of defense; non-specific; immediate response without prior exposure

Question 2

What are the 3 innate immune barriers?

Answer 2

Physical, cellular, soluble

Question 3

What is the function of the physical barrier?

Answer 3

Prevents pathogen entry

Question 4

Examples of physical barriers?

Answer 4

Skin, mucous membranes, cilia

Question 5

What is mucus?

Answer 5

Sticky substance trapping pathogens

Question 6

What do cilia do?

Answer 6

Sweep trapped pathogens out of body

Question 7

What are chemical barriers?

Answer 7

Lysozyme, gastric acid

Question 8

What does lysozyme do?

Answer 8

Breaks bacterial cell walls

Question 9

What is gastric acid function?

Answer 9

Kills ingested pathogens

Question 10

What is the cellular barrier?

Answer 10

Innate immune cells that destroy pathogens

Question 11

Which cells are part of cellular barrier?

Answer 11

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells

Question 12

What are neutrophils?

Answer 12

Short-lived phagocytes; first responders

Question 13

What is diapedesis?

Answer 13

Movement of white blood cells from blood to tissues

Question 14

What are macrophages?

Answer 14

Large phagocytes; antigen presentation; tissue repair

Question 15

What are dendritic cells?

Answer 15

Antigen-presenting cells linking innate and adaptive immunity

Question 16

What are NK cells?

Answer 16

Kill infected/tumor cells using perforin and granzymes

Question 17

What is the soluble barrier?

Answer 17

Macromolecules mediating immune response

Question 18

What are the 2 components of soluble barrier?

Answer 18

Complement system and cytokines

Question 19

What is complement system?

Answer 19

30+ proteins that enhance immune response

Question 20

What activates complement?

Answer 20

Pathogens or antibodies

Question 21

What are complement functions?

Answer 21

Opsonization, inflammation, lysis

Question 22

What is MAC?

Answer 22

Membrane attack complex that lyses pathogens

Question 23

What are cytokines?

Answer 23

Chemical signaling proteins

Question 24

Functions of cytokines?

Answer 24

Regulate immune response, inflammation, cell growth

Question 25

Cytokine signaling types?

Answer 25

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

Question 26

What is cytokine specificity?

Answer 26

Bind specific receptors

Question 27

What do pro-inflammatory cytokines do?

Answer 27

Promote inflammation

Question 28

What do anti-inflammatory cytokines do?

Answer 28

Reduce inflammation

Question 29

What is inflammation?

Answer 29

Response to injury or infection

Question 30

4 signs of inflammation?

Answer 30

Redness, heat, swelling, pain

Question 31

Purpose of inflammation?

Answer 31

Eliminate pathogens and repair tissue

Question 32

Steps of inflammation?

Answer 32

Breach → vasodilation → permeabilization → extravasation → phagocytosis

Question 33

What is vasodilation?

Answer 33

Increase blood flow

Question 34

What is permeabilization?

Answer 34

Fluid leakage into tissues

Question 35

What is extravasation?

Answer 35

Immune cells move into tissue

Question 36

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 36

Movement toward chemical signals

Question 37

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 37

Engulfment of pathogens

Question 38

Steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 38

Attachment, ingestion, fusion, digestion, release

Question 39

What is a phagosome?

Answer 39

Vesicle containing pathogen

Question 40

What is phagolysosome?

Answer 40

Fusion of phagosome and lysosome

Question 41

What are PRRs?

Answer 41

Pattern-recognition receptors

Question 42

What do PRRs recognize?

Answer 42

PAMPs and DAMPs

Question 43

What are PAMPs?

Answer 43

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

Question 44

Examples of PAMPs?

Answer 44

LPS, peptidoglycan, viral RNA

Question 45

What are DAMPs?

Answer 45

Signals from damaged host cells

Question 46

What are TLRs?

Answer 46

Toll-like receptors; type of PRR

Question 47

Functions of TLRs?

Answer 47

Recognize pathogens and activate immune response

Question 48

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 48

Specific, slower response with memory

Question 49

2 key features of adaptive immunity?

Answer 49

Specificity and diversity

Question 50

What is specificity?

Answer 50

Each immune cell recognizes one antigen

Question 51

What is diversity?

Answer 51

Many different immune cells exist

Question 52

What is humoral immunity?

Answer 52

B-cell mediated; antibody production

Question 53

What is cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 53

T-cell mediated; kills infected cells

Question 54

What are B-cells?

Answer 54

Cells that produce antibodies

Question 55

Where do B-cells mature?

Answer 55

Bone marrow

Question 56

What is BCR?

Answer 56

B-cell receptor (membrane antibody)

Question 57

What are plasma cells?

Answer 57

Effector B-cells producing antibodies

Question 58

What are memory B-cells?

Answer 58

Long-lived cells for faster response

Question 59

What are T-cells?

Answer 59

Cells involved in cell-mediated immunity

Question 60

Where do T-cells mature?

Answer 60

Thymus

Question 61

What is TCR?

Answer 61

T-cell receptor

Question 62

What are CD4+ T-cells?

Answer 62

Helper T-cells that activate immune response

Question 63

What are CD8+ T-cells?

Answer 63

Cytotoxic T-cells that kill infected cells

Question 64

What are memory T-cells?

Answer 64

Provide faster response on reinfection

Question 65

What is antigen presentation?

Answer 65

Display of antigen on MHC

Question 66

What do APCs do?

Answer 66

Present antigens to T-cells

Question 67

What is TH1?

Answer 67

Promotes cell-mediated immunity

Question 68

What is TH2?

Answer 68

Promotes humoral immunity

Question 69

What is an antibody?

Answer 69

Y-shaped protein binding antigen

Question 70

What is an epitope?

Answer 70

Specific antigen binding site

Question 71

What determines antibody specificity?

Answer 71

Variable region

Question 72

Antibody functions?

Answer 72

Neutralization, opsonization, complement activation, effector activation

Question 73

What is neutralization?

Answer 73

Blocks pathogen function

Question 74

What is opsonization?

Answer 74

Tags pathogen for phagocytosis

Question 75

What is complement activation?

Answer 75

Triggers MAC formation

Question 76

What is effector activation?

Answer 76

Activates immune cells

Question 77

What are antibody structures?

Answer 77

2 heavy chains, 2 light chains

Question 78

What is Fc region?

Answer 78

Constant region interacting with cells

Question 79

What is antigen-binding region?

Answer 79

Variable region for specificity

Question 80

5 classes of antibodies?

Answer 80

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD

Question 81

IgG function?

Answer 81

Crosses placenta; opsonization

Question 82

IgM function?

Answer 82

First antibody produced

Question 83

IgA function?

Answer 83

Mucosal immunity

Question 84

IgE function?

Answer 84

Allergic response; parasites

Question 85

IgD function?

Answer 85

Found on B-cells

Question 86

Which antibody crosses placenta?

Answer 86

IgG

Question 87

Which is first produced?

Answer 87

IgM

Question 88

Which is mucosal?

Answer 88

IgA

Question 89

Which is allergy-related?

Answer 89

IgE

Question 90

Which is on naive B-cells?

Answer 90

IgD