1
Q
Front
A
Back
2
Q
What are vitamins?
A
Organic (carbon-containing) compounds essential in small amounts for body processes, but do not independently provide energy.
3
Q
How are vitamins broadly classified?
A
As fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) or water-soluble (B complex, C).
4
Q
What is avitaminosis?
A
A condition meaning ‘without vitamins,’ referring to a serious lack of a specific vitamin.
5
Q
What is hypervitaminosis?
A
A condition caused by excessive ingestion of one or more vitamins, potentially toxic.
6
Q
What is a precursor or provitamin?
A
A substance from which the body can synthesize a specific vitamin.
7
Q
What is carotenoids?
A
Plant pigments that are precursors to vitamin A.
8
Q
What are coenzymes?
A
Active parts of an enzyme that help release energy from macronutrients.
9
Q
What are vitamin supplements?
A
Concentrated forms of vitamins (tablets, capsules, drops) taken in addition to dietary intake.
10
Q
List the four fat-soluble vitamins.
A
Vitamins A, D, E, and K.
11
Q
What is a characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins regarding storage?
A
They can be stored in the liver, leading to slower deficiency appearance but potential toxicity with megadoses.
12
Q
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed and transported?
A
They are absorbed and transported through the blood by lipoproteins.
13
Q
What is the active form of Vitamin A?
A
Retinol, the preformed vitamin A.
14
Q
What is the primary function of Vitamin A?
A
Maintenance of vision, especially in dim light.
15
Q
List other functions of Vitamin A.
A
Growth and development of bones, reproduction, and a healthy immune system.
16
Q
What is the role of provitamin A (carotenoids)?
A
They function as antioxidants, protecting cells from free radicals.
17
Q
What is the recommended daily intake (RDA) of Vitamin A for adult males (19-70+ years)?
A
900 mcg RE
18
Q
What is the recommended daily intake (RDA) of Vitamin A for adult females (19-70+ years)?
A
700 mcg RE
19
Q
What is the Recommended Daily Intake (RDA) of Vitamin A during pregnancy?
A
770 mcg RE
20
Q
What is the Recommended Daily Intake (RDA) of Vitamin A during lactation?
A
1,300 mcg RE
21
Q
List food sources of preformed Vitamin A.
A
Liver, whole milk, butter, cream, cod liver oil, fortified margarine, and egg yolk
22
Q
List food sources of provitamin A (carotenoids).
A
Dark-green leafy vegetables, deep-yellow/orange fruits and vegetables (carrots, sweet potatoes, spinach, broccoli, pumpkin, mango, cantaloupe)
23
Q
What is night blindness?
A
A deficiency symptom of Vitamin A, where vision is impaired in dim light.
24
Q
What is xerophthalmia?
A
A serious eye disease characterized by dry, lusterless mucous membranes of the eye, leading to blindness if due to Vitamin A deficiency.
25
List other deficiency symptoms of Vitamin A.
Respiratory infections and cessation of bone growth.
26
What are symptoms of Vitamin A toxicity (hypervitaminosis)?
Birth defects, bone pain, anorexia, enlargement of the liver, hair loss, dry skin, headaches, nausea, dryness of mucous membranes.
27
28
Front
Back
29
What are the two forms of Vitamin D?
D2 (ergocalciferol) from plants and D3 (cholecalciferol) from cholesterol in human skin upon UV exposure.
30
What is Vitamin D considered?
A prohormone, converted to an active hormone in the body.
31
What is the primary function of Vitamin D?
Promotion of calcium and phosphorus absorption in the body, essential for normal bone/tooth mineralization.
32
List other functions of Vitamin D.
Cell growth, neuromuscular and immune function, and reduction of inflammation.
33
What is the RDA of Vitamin D for adults (1-70 years)?
15 mcg (600 IU)
34
What is the RDA of Vitamin D for adults (>70 years)?
20 mcg (800 IU)
35
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) of Vitamin D for adults?
4,000 IU
36
What is the best natural source of Vitamin D?
Sunlight exposure
37
List food sources of Vitamin D.
Oily fish (salmon, tuna), fortified milk, yogurt, cereal, orange juice, fish liver oils, egg yolk, butter, fortified margarine
38
What is rickets?
A Vitamin D deficiency disease in children, causing malformed bones (bowed legs), pain, poorly formed teeth.
39
What is osteomalacia?
A Vitamin D deficiency in adults, causing softening of bones (adult rickets).
40
What is osteoporosis?
A condition where bones become brittle due to insufficient mineral deposits, often linked to Vitamin D deficiency.
41
List other deficiency symptoms of Vitamin D.
Muscle spasms (tetany) due to low calcium.
42
What are symptoms of Vitamin D toxicity?
Deposits of calcium/phosphorus in soft tissues, kidney/heart damage, bone fragility, kidney stones, calcification of soft tissues.
43
What are the two groups of chemical compounds for Vitamin E?
Tocopherols (alpha, beta, delta, gamma) and tocotrienols.
44
What is the most biologically active form of Vitamin E?
Alpha-tocopherol
45
What is the primary function of Vitamin E?
It is an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage by free radicals.
46
List other functions of Vitamin E.
Prevents hemolytic anemia in premature infants and enhances the immune system.
47
What is the RDA of Vitamin E for adults?
15 mg a-TE
48
List food sources of Vitamin E.
Vegetable oils (corn, soybean, safflower, cottonseed), margarine, wheat germ, nuts, leafy green vegetables, peanut butter, broccoli, kiwi
49
What is hemolysis?
The destruction of red blood cells, which occurs at a higher-than-normal rate with Vitamin E deficiency.
50
List other deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E.
Neurological defects (in children) after long-term deficiency.
51
What are symptoms of Vitamin E toxicity?
Relatively nontoxic, but megadoses can interfere with anticlotting medications, causing bleeding.
52
What are the main compounds that make up Vitamin K?
K1 (phylloquinone) from plants, K2 (menaquinone) synthesized by intestinal bacteria, K3 (menadione) synthetic.
53
What is the primary function of Vitamin K?
Essential for the formation of prothrombin, which is necessary for blood clotting.
54
What is the AI of Vitamin K for adult males?
120 mcg
55
What is the AI of Vitamin K for adult females?
90 mcg
56
List food sources of Vitamin K.
Leafy green vegetables (broccoli, cabbage, spinach, kale), dairy products, eggs, meats, cereals
57
What is the major sign of Vitamin K deficiency?
Defective blood coagulation, leading to increased clotting time and hemorrhage.
58
Who is at risk for Vitamin K deficiency?
Newborns, clients with faulty fat absorption, antibiotic therapy, or inadequate diet.
59
What are symptoms of Vitamin K toxicity?
Can cause hemolytic anemia with excessive synthetic Vitamin K.
60
List the water-soluble vitamins.
B complex vitamins (Thiamine, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pyridoxine, Cobalamin, Folate, Biotin, Pantothenic acid) and Vitamin C.
61
What is a characteristic of water-soluble vitamins regarding storage?
They are easily destroyed by light, air, heat, and cooking, and are not stored in the body to a great extent.
62
What is Thiamine (Vitamin B1)?
A coenzyme essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and some amino acids, and for nerve/muscle action.
63
What is the RDA of Thiamine for adult males?
1.2 mg
64
What is the RDA of Thiamine for adult females?
1.1 mg
65
List food sources of Thiamine.
Unrefined and enriched cereals, whole grains, lean pork, liver, seeds, nuts, legumes
66
What is beriberi?
A severe Thiamine deficiency disease affecting the nervous, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems, causing heavy legs, burning feet, muscle degeneration, heart failure.
67
List other deficiency symptoms of Thiamine.
Loss of appetite, fatigue, nervousness, irritability, constipation
68
What are factors that increase Thiamine needs?
Increased calorie intake and alcoholism (due to decreased absorption and increased requirements).
69
What are symptoms of Thiamine toxicity?
No known ill effects from oral intake, but intravenous excess can be toxic.
70
What is Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)?
A coenzyme essential for carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, and for tissue maintenance (skin, eyes).
71
What is the RDA of Riboflavin for adult males?
1.3 mg
72
What is the RDA of Riboflavin for adult females?
1.1 mg
73
List food sources of Riboflavin.
Milk, meats, poultry, fish, enriched breads/cereals, broccoli, spinach, asparagus
74
What is cheilosis?
A Riboflavin deficiency symptom characterized by sores on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth.
75
List other deficiency symptoms of Riboflavin.
Glossitis (inflamed tongue), dermatitis, eye strain (itching, burning, fatigue)
76
77
Front
Back
78
What is Niacin (Vitamin B3)?
A coenzyme essential for energy metabolism and the prevention of pellagra.
79
What is the RDA of Niacin for adult males?
16 mg NE
80
What is the RDA of Niacin for adult females?
14 mg NE
81
What does 1 Niacin Equivalent (NE) equal?
1 mg niacin or 60 mg tryptophan
82
List food sources of Niacin.
Meats, poultry, fish, peanuts, legumes, enriched breads/cereals (milk and eggs provide tryptophan, a precursor)
83
What is pellagra?
A severe Niacin deficiency disease characterized by dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death (the '4 Ds')
84
List other deficiency symptoms of Niacin.
Weakness, anorexia, indigestion, anxiety, irritability
85
What are symptoms of Niacin toxicity?
Flushing (vascular dilation), gastrointestinal problems, itching, liver damage (with excessive intake)
86
What is Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)?
A B vitamin essential for protein and amino acid metabolism, and aids glucose release from glycogen.
87
What is the RDA of Pyridoxine for adult males?
1.3-1.7 mg
88
What is the RDA of Pyridoxine for adult females?
1.3-1.5 mg
89
List food sources of Pyridoxine.
Poultry, fish, liver, kidney, potatoes, bananas, spinach, whole-grain cereals (oats, wheat)
90
List deficiency symptoms of Pyridoxine.
Irritability, depression, dermatitis, neurological symptoms (infants), abdominal problems
91
What are symptoms of Pyridoxine toxicity?
Temporary neurological problems
92
What is Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)?
An organic compound containing cobalt, essential for folate metabolism, myelin sheath maintenance, and healthy red blood cells.
93
What is the RDA of Cobalamin for adults?
2.4 mcg
94
List food sources of Cobalamin.
Animal foods (organ meats, lean meat, seafood, eggs, dairy products)
95
What is pernicious anemia?
A severe, chronic anemia caused by Vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor (needed for B12 absorption)
96
List other deficiency symptoms of Cobalamin.
Megaloblastic anemia, inadequate myelin synthesis, nervous system damage, anorexia, glossitis, sore mouth/tongue, pallor, depression, dizziness, weight loss
97
What is Folate (Folic Acid)?
A B vitamin essential for DNA synthesis, protein metabolism, and hemoglobin formation.
98
What is the RDA of Folate for adults?
400 mcg
99
What is the increased Folate requirement during pregnancy?
600 mcg per day (one month before conception and through first six weeks of pregnancy) to prevent neural tube defects
100
List food sources of Folate.
Fortified cereals, leafy green vegetables, legumes, sunflower seeds, orange juice, strawberries
101
What are neural tube defects (NTDs)?
Congenital malformations of the brain (anencephaly) or spinal column (spina bifida) in the fetus, linked to folate deficiency
102
List other deficiency symptoms of Folate.
Megaloblastic anemia, inflammation of mouth/tongue, poor growth, depression, mental confusion, nerve function problems
103
What are symptoms of Folate toxicity?
Excessive folate can mask a Vitamin B12 deficiency and inactivate anticonvulsant drugs like phenytoin
104
What is Biotin (Vitamin H)?
A B vitamin that participates as a coenzyme in the synthesis of fatty acids and amino acids.
105
What is the AI of Biotin for adults?
30 mcg
106
List food sources of Biotin.
Egg yolks, milk, poultry, fish, broccoli, spinach, cauliflower, cereals, fruits (also synthesized by large intestine microorganisms)
107
List deficiency symptoms of Biotin.
Dermatitis, nausea, anorexia, depression, pallor, hair loss, increased serum cholesterol
108
What are symptoms of Biotin toxicity?
Unknown from excessive intake
109
What is Pantothenic Acid?
A B vitamin involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, essential for synthesizing acetylcholine and steroid hormones.
110
What is the estimated daily intake for Pantothenic Acid for adults?
4-7 mg per day
111
List food sources of Pantothenic Acid.
Meats, poultry, fish, eggs, whole-grain cereals, legumes (also synthesized by the body)
112
List deficiency symptoms of Pantothenic Acid.
Weakness, fatigue, burning sensation in the feet
113
What are symptoms of Pantothenic Acid toxicity?
Not confirmed from excessive intake
114
What is Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)?
A water-soluble vitamin with antioxidant properties, essential for cell metabolism.
115
What is the primary function of Vitamin C?
Prevention of scurvy
116
List other functions of Vitamin C.
Formation of collagen (wound healing), release of stress hormones, absorption of nonheme iron, resistance to infection
117
What is the RDA of Vitamin C for adult males?
90 mg
118
What is the RDA of Vitamin C for adult females?
75 mg
119
What is the increased Vitamin C requirement for smokers?
125 mg due to increased metabolism
120
List food sources of Vitamin C.
Citrus fruits, melon, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, red/green peppers, cabbage, broccoli
121
What is scurvy?
A severe Vitamin C deficiency disease characterized by gingivitis (bleeding gums, loose teeth), easy bruising, pinpoint hemorrhages, poor wound healing, sore joints/muscles
122
List other deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C.
Muscle cramps, ulcerated gums, weight loss
123
What are symptoms of Vitamin C toxicity?
Diarrhea, nausea, cramps, excessive absorption of food iron, rebound scurvy if megadoses stopped abruptly, oxalate kidney stones
124
What are minerals?
Inorganic (non-carbon containing) elements essential for building tissues, regulating body fluids, assisting body functions.
125
How are minerals classified?
As major minerals (needed >100 mg/day) or trace minerals (needed <100 mg/day).
126
What are ions?
Electrically charged atoms resulting from mineral salts dissolving in water.
127
What are electrolytes?
Ions (cations and anions) in body fluids that maintain fluid and electrical balance, assist nerve impulses, regulate acid-base balance.
128
Where do humans obtain minerals?
From plants grown in mineral-rich soil or from animals that have eaten such plants.
129
How are minerals lost from food during preparation?
Minerals can remain in cooking water if food is boiled.
130
What are RDAs/AIs for minerals?
Recommended Dietary Allowances and Adequate Intakes for minerals are established where research is sufficient.
131
List the major minerals.
Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, Magnesium, Sulfur
132
What is the most abundant mineral in the human body?
Calcium, with 99% found in bones and teeth
133
What are the primary functions of Calcium?
Component of bones/teeth, normal nerve/muscle action, blood clotting, heart function, cell metabolism
134
How does the body regulate blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid glands release hormones to retrieve calcium from kidneys and bones (via osteoclasts) when levels are low
135
What is the RDA of Calcium for adults (19-50 years)?
1,000 mg
136
What is the RDA of Calcium for adolescents (9-18 years)?
1,300 mg
137
List food sources of Calcium.
Milk and milk products (cheese, yogurt), sardines, salmon, dark-green leafy vegetables (unless high in oxalic acid)
138
What factors enhance Calcium absorption?
Adequate Vitamin D, presence of lactose, balanced calcium-to-phosphorus ratio
139
What is tetany?
Involuntary muscle movement caused by insufficient calcium in the blood
140
List other deficiency symptoms of Calcium.
Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, retarded growth
141
What are symptoms of Calcium toxicity?
Constipation, inhibition of iron and zinc absorption
142
143
144
Front
Back
145
What are the primary functions of Phosphorus?
Necessary for strong bones/teeth, carbohydrate/fat/protein metabolism, essential for B vitamin action, acid-base balance
146
What is the RDA of Phosphorus for adults (19-70 years)?
700 mg
147
What is the RDA of Phosphorus for adolescents (9-18 years)?
1,250 mg
148
List food sources of Phosphorus.
Protein-rich foods (milk, cheese, meats, poultry, fish), cereals, legumes, nuts, soft drinks
149
What is demineralization?
Loss of mineral or minerals from bones, a symptom of phosphorus deficiency
150
List other deficiency symptoms of Phosphorus.
Fatigue, anorexia
151
What are symptoms of Phosphorus toxicity?
Can increase calcium loss from bones, contributing to osteoporosis
152
What is the primary function of Potassium?
Electrolyte primarily in intracellular fluid, essential for fluid balance, osmosis, nerve impulses, muscle contractions, regular heart rhythm
153
What is the AI of Potassium for adults?
4.7 g (4,700 mg) per day
154
List food sources of Potassium.
Fruits (melons, oranges, bananas, peaches, dried fruits), vegetables (mushrooms, Brussels sprouts, potatoes, tomatoes, winter squash, lima beans, carrots, spinach)
155
What is hypokalemia?
Low level of potassium in the blood, caused by diarrhea, vomiting, diabetic acidosis, laxative/diuretic use
156
List deficiency symptoms of Potassium.
Nausea, anorexia, fatigue, muscle weakness, heart abnormalities (tachycardia, irregular heartbeat)
157
What is hyperkalemia?
Excessive potassium in the blood, caused by dehydration, renal failure, or excessive intake
158
What are symptoms of Potassium toxicity?
Potentially life-threatening irregular heartbeats
159
What is the primary function of Sodium?
Electrolyte primarily in extracellular fluid, essential for fluid balance, osmosis, nerve impulses, muscle contractions, acid-base balance
160
What is the AI of Sodium for adults?
1,500 mg per day
161
What is the UL of Sodium for adults (>14 years)?
2,300 mg per day
162
List food sources of Sodium.
Table salt (40% sodium), animal foods, processed foods, restaurant foods
163
What are common hidden sodium products?
Monosodium glutamate (MSG), baking powder/soda, brine, disodium phosphate, sodium alginate, sodium benzoate, sodium hydroxide, sodium propionate, sodium sulfite
164
What is edema?
Abnormal fluid retention, often caused by excess sodium, contributing to hypertension
165
What is hypertension?
High blood pressure, frequently associated with excessive sodium intake
166
List deficiency symptoms of Sodium.
Nausea, exhaustion, muscle cramps, imbalance in gastric acidity/blood pH
167
What are symptoms of Sodium toxicity?
Nausea, exhaustion, edema, increased blood pressure
168
What is the primary function of Chloride?
Electrolyte essential for fluid balance, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, component of gastric juices (hydrochloric acid)
169
What is the AI of Chloride for adults?
2,300 mg per day
170
List food sources of Chloride.
Table salt (sodium chloride), eggs, seafood, milk
171
List deficiency symptoms of Chloride.
Imbalance in gastric acidity/blood pH, nausea, exhaustion
172
What are symptoms of Chloride toxicity?
Unknown from excessive intake
173
What are the primary functions of Magnesium?
Essential for metabolism, regulates nerve/muscle function (including heart), role in blood clotting, bone/red blood cell formation
174
What is the AI of Magnesium for adult males?
400-420 mg
175
What is the AI of Magnesium for adult females?
310-320 mg
176
List food sources of Magnesium.
Leafy green vegetables, whole grains, avocados, nuts, milk, legumes, bananas
177
List deficiency symptoms of Magnesium.
Nausea, mental/emotional/muscle disorders (in experimental deficiencies)
178
What are symptoms of Magnesium toxicity?
Unknown from excessive intake
179
What are the primary functions of Sulfur?
Necessary to all body tissues, component of some amino acids (protein structure), hair, nails
180
List food sources of Sulfur.
Protein-rich foods (eggs, poultry, fish)
181
What are deficiency symptoms of Sulfur?
Neither the amount required nor its deficiency are known
182
What are symptoms of Sulfur toxicity?
Unknown from excessive intake
183
List the trace minerals.
Iron, Iodine, Zinc, Selenium, Copper, Manganese, Fluoride, Chromium, Molybdenum
184
What is the primary function of Iron?
Delivers oxygen to body tissues as component of hemoglobin (RBCs) and myoglobin (muscle cells)
185
What is the DRI of Iron for adult males?
10 mg
186
What is the DRI of Iron for adult females (child-bearing years)?
15 mg (doubled during pregnancy)
187
List food sources of heme iron.
Meat, poultry, fish (more efficiently absorbed)
188
List food sources of nonheme iron.
Whole-grain cereals, enriched grains, vegetables, fruit, eggs, some meat/poultry/fish
189
What factors increase Iron absorption?
Acid in stomach, heme iron, high body demand, low body stores, Meat Protein Factor (MPF), Vitamin C
190
What factors decrease Iron absorption?
Phytic acid (fiber), oxalic acid, polyphenols (tea/coffee), excess other minerals (Zn, Mn, Ca), antacids
191
What is iron deficiency?
A condition where the body does not have enough usable iron, leading to iron-deficiency anemia
192
What is iron-deficiency anemia?
Insufficient RBCs to carry oxygen, causing weakness, dizziness, weight loss, pallor, fatigue, irritability, spoon-shaped fingernails
193
What is hemochromatosis?
A genetic disorder causing excessive absorption and buildup of iron, potentially damaging liver, spleen, heart
194
What is the primary function of Iodine?
Component of thyroid hormones (thyroxine T4, triiodothyronine T3), essential for thyroid gland function and metabolism
195
What is the DRI of Iodine for adults?
150 mcg
196
List food sources of Iodine.
Iodized salt, seafood, plants grown in iodine-rich soil
197
What is goiter?
Enlarged thyroid gland due to iodine deficiency
198
What is cretinism?
Retarded physical and mental development in children born to mothers with severe iodine deficiency
199
What is myxedema?
Hypothyroidism in adults due to iodine deficiency
200
What are the primary functions of Zinc?
Cofactor for over 300 enzymes, essential for growth, wound healing, taste acuity, glucose tolerance, mobilization of Vitamin A
201
What is the DRI of Zinc for adult males?
11 mg
202
What is the DRI of Zinc for adult females?
8 mg (increased during pregnancy/lactation)
203
List food sources of Zinc.
Protein foods (meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, wheat germ, legumes), oysters
204
List deficiency symptoms of Zinc.
Decreased appetite/taste acuity, delayed growth, hypogonadism, poor wound healing, anemia, acne-like rash, impaired immune response
205
What are symptoms of Zinc toxicity?
Vomiting, loss of hair/nails, skin lesions, decreased taste acuity
206
What is the primary function of Selenium?
Component of an enzyme that acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells and sparing Vitamin E
207
What is the DRI of Selenium for adults?
70 mcg
208
List food sources of Selenium.
Seafood, kidney, liver, muscle meats, grains
209
What is Keshan disease?
A condition causing abnormalities in the heart muscle, for which selenium supplements appear effective
210
List deficiency symptoms of Selenium.
Unclear, but related to Keshan disease and muscle weakness
211
What are symptoms of Selenium toxicity?
Vomiting, loss of hair/nails, skin lesions
212
What are the primary functions of Copper?
Essential for hemoglobin/RBC formation, aids iron transport, component of enzymes, wound healing
213
What is the DRI of Copper for adults?
900 mcg
214
List food sources of Copper.
Organ meats, shellfish, legumes, nuts, cocoa, whole-grain cereals
215
List deficiency symptoms of Copper.
Anemia, bone disease, disturbed growth/metabolism
216
What are symptoms of Copper toxicity?
Vomiting, diarrhea, Wilson's disease (genetic copper accumulation)
217
What are the primary functions of Manganese?
Constituent of several enzymes involved in metabolism, important for bone formation
218
What is the AI of Manganese for adult males?
2.3 mg
219
What is the AI of Manganese for adult females?
1.8 mg
220
List food sources of Manganese.
Whole grains, tea, vegetables, fruits
221
List deficiency symptoms of Manganese.
Deficiency has not been documented in humans
222
What are symptoms of Manganese toxicity?
Neurological problems (from inhaled dust), possible brain disease
223
What are the primary functions of Fluoride?
Increases resistance to dental caries, strengthens bones/teeth
224
What is the AI of Fluoride for adult males?
4 mg
225
What is the AI of Fluoride for adult females?
3 mg
226
List food sources of Fluoride.
Fluoridated water, fish, tea
227
What is a deficiency symptom of Fluoride?
Increased tooth decay, possibly osteoporosis
228
What are symptoms of Fluoride toxicity?
Permanent discoloration or mottling of children's teeth
229
What is the primary function of Chromium?
Associated with glucose and lipid metabolism
230
What is the AI of Chromium for adult males?
35 mg
231
What is the AI of Chromium for adult females?
25 mg
232
List food sources of Chromium.
Meat, mushrooms, nuts, organ meats, wheat germ
233
What is a deficiency symptom of Chromium?
Disturbances in glucose metabolism
234
What are symptoms of Chromium toxicity?
Inhibition of copper absorption
235
What is the primary function of Molybdenum?
Constituent of enzymes, plays a role in metabolism
236
What is the estimated safe daily intake of Molybdenum for adults?
45 mcg
237
List food sources of Molybdenum.
Milk, liver, legumes, cereals
238
What are deficiency symptoms of Molybdenum?
No deficiencies have been noted in normal diets
239
What are symptoms of Molybdenum toxicity?
Can inhibit copper absorption
nUTriontn
flashcards
Decks in class (22)
# Cards
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Carbohydrates, fats and proteins - 15%124
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Medical Nutrition Therapy - 20%89
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Nutrition through the life span - 15%49
-
Food-related illnesses, intolerances, and allergies - 10%50
-
Water (Fluid & electrolyte balance) - 10%26
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Digestion, absorption, and metabolism - 10%83
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Vitamins & minerals - 15%153
-
Cultural patterns and food habits - 5%11
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questions405
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MNT-weight management across the life cycle76
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Diet, Pre-Diabetes, and Diabetes61
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Diet and Cardiovascular Disease37
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hapter 17: Diet and Renal Disease51
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Diet and Gastrointestinal Disorders65
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micro 1239
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Nutrition over lifetime119
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Water (Fluid & electrolyte balance) - 10%64
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Digestino, Absorpion, metalolism83
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Food-related illnesses, intolerances, and allergies - 10%66
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Diet and Cancer36
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macro149
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culture83
