MICRO FINAL

Question 1

7 important parts of microbiology

Answer 1

1. microbes and Earth’s History (Biogeochemical cycles) -80% of earth’s history was microbial
2. Impact on humans - bubonic plague (black death) 1347 (25mil deaths); potato famine 1846 (10mil plus deaths)
3. human microbiome
4. plant and animal microbiomes
5. food microbiology
6. renewable energy - biofuels, bioremediation
7. enzyme production - biotechnology; antibiotics

Question 2

importance of microorganisms

Answer 2

• play a major role in biogeochemical of essential nutrients such as C, N, S etc.
• Cyanobacteria uptake CO2 and produce O2
• production of food products, beverages, antibiotics, bread, cheese, yogurt, and vitamins
• some cause disease in human, plants, and animals

Question 3

robert hooke

Answer 3

first to describe microbes (fungi) using the microscope

Question 4

Antoni van Leewenhoek (1632-1723)

Answer 4

first to describe bacteria

Question 5

Edward Jenner (1796)

Answer 5

vaccinated an 8 year old boy with fluid from cow-pox blisters

Question 6

Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898)

Answer 6

discovered endospores

Question 7

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Answer 7

1. discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process
2. developed vaccines for anthrax, chlorea, and rabies
3. discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical isomers
4. disproved theory of spontaneous generation - led to aseptic technique

Question 8

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

Answer 8

• demonstrated that microbes cause disease
• developed techniques for obtaining pure cultures of microbes, some still in existence today

Question 9

limitations of kochs postulates

Answer 9

1. Some organisms cannot be grown in pure culture (Treponema pallidum cause syphilis)
2. Using humans in completing the postulates is unethical
3. Molecular and genetic evidence may replace and overcome these limits (Human papillomavirus cause cervical cancer)

Question 10

Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931)

Answer 10

developed enrichment culture technique

– microbes isolated from natural samples in a highly selective fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions

Question 11

Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953)

Answer 11

demonstrated that microbes play a major role in cycling of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen in the environment

–chemolithotrophy = oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy conservation

Question 12

nomenclature of bacteria and archaea

Answer 12

Genus species
– in italics on computer or underlined if you write by hand

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Bacillus subtilis
Escherichia coli (hand written

Question 13

Nomenclature of viruses

Answer 13

Order
Family
Genus

Specific Epithet
influenza A virus

Question 14

Classifications of microbes

Answer 14

cellular: fungi, protists, bacteria, archaea

acellular: viruses, viroids, satellites, prions

Question 15

classification schemes (of microbes)

Answer 15

three domain system, based on a comparison of rRNA genes, divides microorganisms into :

• bacteria
• archaea
• eukarya

Question 16

bacteria and archaea structure and function

Answer 16

prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in size and simplicity

• most prokaryotes lack internal membrane systems
• term prokaryotes is becoming blurred

Question 17

The Size, Shape, and Arrangement of Bacterial Cells

Answer 17

shape: round or rod shaped

arrangement: clusters (staph)

size: varies

Question 18

morphology

Answer 18

spherical - rods
rod - bacillus
curved rod - vibrio
spiral - spirillum
stell - star
spirochete

Question 19

inclusion bodies

Answer 19

storage of organic molecules, metabolic end products, energy building blocks
- glycogen storage
- carbon storage
- amino acids - cyanophycin granules
- phosphate - polyphosphate; atp synthesis, dna/rna, plasma mem.
- sulfur globules