1
Q
First line of defence
Rapid response (0-4h)
Non specific
No memory cells formed
A
Innate
2
Q
Infection (natural)
Vaccine 💉 (artificial)
A
Active acquired
3
Q
Placenta (IgG) Serum therapy (art)
A
Passive acquired
4
Q
Second line of defence
Delayed response (5-7d)
Highly specific
Memory cells ➕
A
Acquired immunity
5
Q
2nd
Receptors in immunity development
A
PRR (TLR NLR)
Chemo tactic
Phagocytic
6
Q
1st
Barrier
A
Mechanical - skin mucous membranes
Chemical - enzyme ph (secretions)
Biological - normal flora (commensals)
7
Q
3rd
Cells
A
Phagocytic
Cytotoxic
APCs
8
Q
Phagocytes
A
Macrophages
Dendritic
Microphages
Mast cells (HS)
9
Q
Macrophages
- O2 dep
- O2 indep
A
O2 dependent
NADPH oxidase Oxidative burst
O2 indep
Phagosome lysosome fusion
10
Q
Microphages
- O2 dep
- O2 indep
A
O2 dep
MPO
O2 indep
Granzyme and perforins
11
Q
Cytotoxic cells
A
- CD8 cell lysis
- Nk cell - granzyme and perforins INNATE ADCC
12
Q
APC
A
Professional
- dendritic mc
- macrophages
- B cells
13
Q
4th
Cytokines
A
Macrophages IL 1-15 TNF alpha and beta INF alpha and beta GM CSF Chemokines
14
Q
NK cell
A
INF gamma
15
Q
Activated T cell
A
INF gamma
16
Q
Major IL in
Fever
Inflammation
APC release
A
IL 1,6, TNF alpha
17
Q
5th
Acute phase reactants
A
Complements
Classical - C1
Alternate - C3
Lectin- C4
18
Q
C1,3,4 ⬇️ Common pathway ⬇️ MAC
A
C53b6789
19
Q
Mac effects
A
Cell lysis
Recruited inflammatory cells
Opsonisation
20
Q
Enzymes in complement
A
C3 convertase
C5 convertase
21
Q
Opsonin
opsonisation marking the antigen
A
C3b
22
Q
MHC 1
beta2 microglobulin
A
open system
all nucleated cells of the body and platelets
graft rejection (cmi)
antigen binding group is alpha 1 and alpha 2
23
Q
MHC 2
A
Closed system
binding group = alpha 1 and beta 1
APC
GVH reaction (ami)
24
Q
MHC 3
A
complement mediated lysis
25
pathway of innate immunity
```
antigen
barrier (mech, phy, chem)
host cell receptor
cells
cytokins
alternate pathway complement
kills organisms
cell lysis
```
26
antigen (pathway with molecular pattern) PAMP
innate immunity
27
host cell receptor
PRK
phagocytic
chemo
28
innate immunity CELLS
macrophages
microphages
NK cells
29
macrophages
release INF alpha and beta
| stimulated by INF gamma
30
NK cells
release INF gamma
| stimulated by INF alpha and beta
31
cytokines of innate
IL 1,6
| TNF alpha
32
microscopy
| father of microbiology
antony van leuwenhoek
33
louis pasteur
father of modern microbiology
34
vaccination
sterilization
fermentation
Louis Pasteur
35
Coined the term vaccine
CAR
cholera
anthrax
rabies
36
sterilization
hot air oven
autoclave
pasteurisation
37
fermentation
- acid
- gas
acid - pH indicator
| gas - durhams tube
38
LF
E coli
| Klebsiella
39
Maltose fermenter
Meningo
40
Mannitol
Staph aureus
41
germ theory
lewis pasteur
| liq cx media
42
solid cx media
isolated Cholera, Anthrax, TB
Demonstrated hanging drop motility
staining tech (aniline basic dyes)
robert Koch
43
koch postulates NOT for
```
m leprae
treponema
chlamydia
rickettsia
virus
```
44
acidic media
fluroscent dyes
45
f/o chemorx
paul erhlrich
| discovered acid fast stain
46
endotoxin vs exotoxin
exotoxin neutrilized by antitoxin
| endotoxin cannot
47
surgical sepsis
joseph lister
| 5% phenol carbolic acid
48
hand washing seven steps
Semmel Weis
49
Small Pox
Edward JEnner
50
Kleb lofner bacillus
c diphtheria
51
Freid lander bacilli
k pneumonia
52
shordin and hoffman
t pallidum
53
pathogenic bacteria
vegetative
non pathogenic (comensales)
spores
four stages of bacteria
54
kills all four stages
sterilization
55
kills only patho and vegetative
disinfection
56
dry heat
hot air oven
57
moist heat
>100 degrees autoclave (culture media)
100 tyndalisation, 20 mins (culture containing gelatin, sugar) INTERMITTENT heating
<100 (80-85) inspissation, 30 min (cx eggs and serum)
58
physical disinfection
heat
filteration
radiation
59
non ionising radiation
IR
| UV - ot and biosafety cabinets
60
ionising rads
X
gamma Co 60
cosmic COLD STERILIZATION CATGUT Sutures
61
dry heat
| HOT AIR OVEN 160 deg for 2h
DEO
denaturation
electrolyte imba;ance
oxidative damage
62
controls for hot air oven
physical - thermocouple
chemical - brownes tube
bio - B SUBTILIS
63
materials in hot air oven
glasswares
sharps
oily and powdery subs
64
autoclave
DC
denaturatn
coagulation
65
holding temp for autoclave
121 deg for 15 min
66
controls for autoclave
phy - thermocouple 'chemical - browne duck tape, autoclave tape
bio - B STEAROTHERMOPHILLUS
67
materials in autoclave
rubber
all Sx other than sharps (NOT CATGUT)
all Cx
68
for heat labile eg. serum
filtration
69
types of filters
candle - water purificn
asbestos - SEITZ vaccines, antisera, Ig, Ab
sintered glass filter
membrane filter
70
memb filter
| 0.22 -0.44 microns
bacterial isolatn - NOT chlamy and rick
surgical masks
biosafety cabinets - HEPA and ULPA
71
alcohol chemical
non SPORES disinfectant
72
methyl alcohol
surface dis
73
ethyl alcohol 70%
skin dis Rubs and Spirits
74
isopropyl alcohol
70% skin
| clinical thermometer
75
absolute alcohol
99.5% ethyl alcholol
76
weak sporocidal high contact time
aldehyde
77
FORMALDEHYDE
- 40%
- 4%
40% GAS (USED) = 100% formalin
| 4% gas = 10% formalin (USED)
78
ot sterilization
40% formaldehyde
| fumigation
79
preservatn of specimens
10% formalin
| fixation of tissues
80
2% glutraldehyde
20 min for SCOPE sterilize
OPA
OrthoPthalAldehyde
81
phenolic compds
sporicidal only at higher temp
| WEAK SPOROcidal
82
lab disinfectants
| antiseptics
phenolic compds
83
lysol
| cresol
lab phenol disinfectant
84
dettol CHLOROXYLENOL
| savlon CHLORHEXIDINE+CETRIMIDE
skin antiseptic phenolic
85
strong sporocidal
HALOGENS
86
halogens
cl2
iodine
I2>Cl2
87
types of Cl2 disinfectant
free Cl2
| sod hypochlorite
88
- bleaching powder
| - Cl2 tab (H2O)
free Cl2
89
1% sod HoCl
mc LAB DISinfectant
90
0.5% sod hypocl2
to kill PRIONS
| contact time 2h
91
0.2% sod hypoCl2
to disinfect water
92
iodine + alcohol to make it stable
Tincture iodine
| Povidone iodine
93
ETO
ethylene oxide
| strong sporicidal
94
ETO moa
gaseous
alkylating agents that inactivate proteins
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
95
materials sterilize by eto
- heart lung
- respirators, venti
- dental eq
- sutures
96
OT? and ETO
NEVER
| inflammable gas
97
plasma sterilisation
free radicals ions
- heat LABILE instruments
- surgical instruments
BACILLUS STEAROTHERMOPHILLUS
98
tests for disinfection
- chick martin
- reidel walker
- kelsey skyes
99
r/s on APC
MHC (1&2 => CMI)
| CD 80/86
100
MHC 1 r/s
CD8 T cells
express
- TCR
- CD 28
101
MHC 2 r/s
CD 4 cells
express
- CD 28
- TCR
102
MHC 1 MOA
MHC 1 ---> TCR
CD 80/86 ------> CD 28
naive cells get activated
CD 4 activated, memory formed
CD 8 activated
103
activated CD 8 release ____ IL
IL 2
| causing Ag lysis
104
MHC 2 MOA
on binding to Ag MHC 2,
- activated cd 4
- memory t cells
CMI activated
105
CMI in MHC 2
| TH1 CD 4 releases
- IL2
- INF Gamma MACROPHAGES
- TNF alpha APR
106
TH2 CD4 via AMI
TH2 cell, CD 40 ------> naive B cell, CD40
- activates plasma cells ---> Ab -----> cell lysis
- memory
107
self Ag
- host cell (recog HLA+)
| - sequestered (Lens and sperm)
108
foreign Ag
- complete
- incomplete HAPTEN
- Heterophile
- super Ag
109
complete Ag
Antigenicity
| Immunogenicity
110
incomeplete haptens
only ANTIGENICITY
111
ONLY IMMUNOGENICITY
vaccine
112
heterophile tests
- paul bunnel
- weil felix
- cold agglutinin (human RBC )
- strep MG test
113
Super Ag
binds to LATERAL SIDE of Beta chain
| hyperexaggerated Ab release
114
Super Ag eg
- staph TSST pyro exo C / enterotoxin
- strep TSST 2 (PE A)
- EBV
- CMV
115
Adjuvant
sub which inc the immunogenicity of organism
- chemical
- biological
116
chemical adjuvant
- MgCl2 POLIO
| - AlOH 3 ANTHRAX
117
biological adjuvant
- pertussis
| - FREUD'S adjuvant
118
3 sites
2 enzymes
2 terminals
3 sulphide bonds
```
Antibodies
3 sites ( 2 Fab 1 Fc)
2 enzymes (papain and pepsin)
2 terminals (NH2 and COOH)
3 sulphide bonds
```
119
papain
3 fragments
| 2 Fab and 1 Fc
120
pepsin
only 1 fragment
| F(ab)2 no -S-S-
121
```
GAMED
S. conc
t1/2
heat stability
carbo content
```
S. conc DECREASES
t1/2 DECREASES
heat stability DECREASES
carbo content INCREASES
122
IDIOTYPES
based on VARIABLE region
123
ppt and neutralisation
OPSONISATION +
stimulate CLAssical complement pathway
IgG
124
pentamer (high MW)
Agglutination +
Opsonisation +
classical comp pathway +
IgM
125
alt complement pathway +
- URTI and GUT
- epithelial barrier
- mucosa
IgA
A1 - BLOOD
A2 - secretory (dimer)
126
HS
IgE
127
kohler and meilstein
1975
hybridoma
McAb
128
Ag-Ab reacn
- Precipitation
- Agglutination
- Neutralisation
129
Slide VDRL and tube KAHN flocculation test
syphillis
| PPTN
130
Strep LAncefield classfn
PPTN
131
EXOTOXINS
- Anthrax ASCOLI
- Diph ELEK
- E coli EIKEN
PPTN
132
Immunodiffusion
| OORO
```
PPTN
DiffusionxDispersion
1x1 OUDIN
2x1 OAKLEY FULTHROPE
1x2 RADIAL
2x2 OUCHLERTONY
```
133
heterophile
AGGlutination
134
WIDAL
| COOMBS
AGGLUTINATION
135
Rose waaaler
| Sheep RBC for Dx CTD
AGGlutination
136
HA
| HAI
Agglutination
137
Tuberculin
| Lepromin
Neutralisn
138
Shick
| Dick
Neutralisn
Schick - Diph susceptibility
Dick - TSST (Scarlet fever Dx)
139
ASO titres RF
| Naegler (alpha toxin of CL perf)
Neutralisn
140
Plaque assy
viral NEUTRALISN
141
X - agammaglobulinemia BRUTONS
common variable immunodef
selective IgA def
Humoral
| B cell def
142
Di george
PNP def
CMC
CMI
| T cell immunodef
143
thymic hypoplasia
| Ch 22q11
dii george
144
defect in pre b to b conversion
BRUTONS
145
PNP
```
purine nucleoside phosphorylase def
- excess purine
- toxic to T cells
- hyperuricemia
Ch 14
```
146
CMC
chronic mucocut candidiasis
| CMI def
147
SCID
WAS
AT
Combined
| B + T def
148
defect inn stem cells
| m/c ADA def
SCID
149
WASP gene #
WAS
150
Kinase enz def
Ataxia telangiectasia
151
chediak higashi
lazy leucocyte synd
leucocyte adhesion defect
CGD
phagocytic dis
152
defective phagolysosome fusion
chediak higashi
153
no chemotaxis
lazy leucocyte synd
154
defect in NADPH oxidase
CGD
Last Leg
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