Micro Talaro Chapter 4

Question 1

Two basic cell types

Answer 1

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

Question 2

All Living things (Multicellular/single) made of cells that share what characteristics?

Answer 2

Shape: Spherical, Cubical, Cylindrical, Internal Content: Cytoplasm, surrounded by membrane, DNA chromosome(s), Ribosomes, metabolic capabilities

Question 3

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 3

Originated about 2 billion years ago

Question 4

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 4

Originate 3.5 Billion Years Ago

Question 5

6 Characteristics of Life

Answer 5

1. Reproduction and Heredity 2. Growth and Development 3. Metabolism 4. Movement and/or Irritability 5. Cell Support, Protection 6. Transport of Nutrients and Waste and Storage Mechanisms

Question 6

Bacterial External Structures

Answer 6

Appendages 1. Motility - Flagella and Axial Filaments (Periplasmic Flagella) 2. Attachment or Channels - Fimbriae and Pili Glycocalyx (surface coating)

Question 7

Flagella Parts

Answer 7

1. Filament - Long, thin, helical structure composed of protein flagellin 2. Hook - Curved Sheath

Question 8

4 flagellar arrangements

Answer 8

1. Monotrichous 2. Lophotrichous 3. Amphitrichous 4. Peritrichous

Question 9

Monotrichous Flagella

Answer 9

Single flagellum at one end

Question 10

Lophotrichous

Answer 10

Small bunches emerging from same site

Question 11

Amphitrichous

Answer 11

Flagella at both ends

Question 12

Peritrichous

Answer 12

Flagella dispersed over surface of cell

Question 13

Periplasmic Flagella

Answer 13

Internal flagella, enclosed in the space between the outer sheath and the cell wall peptidoglycan

Question 14

How do Periplasmic Flagella produce motility?

Answer 14

By contracting and imparting twisting or flexing motion

Question 15

Fimbriae

Answer 15

Fine, proteinaceous, hairlike bristles emerging from the cell surface

Question 16

What is the function of fimbriae?

Answer 16

Adhesion - to other cells and surfaces

Question 17

Pili

Answer 17

Rigid tubular structure made of Pilin protein

Question 18

What kind of cells are Pili found in?

Answer 18

Gram-Negative only

Question 19

What is the function of Pili?

Answer 19

Join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation.

Question 20

Glycocalyx

Answer 20

Coating of molecules external to cell wall made of sugars and/or proteins

Question 21

Types of Glycocalyx

Answer 21

1. Slime Layer - Loosely organized and attached 2. Capsule - Highly organized, tightly attached

Question 22

What are the functions of Glycocalyx?

Answer 22

1. Protect cell from dehydration/nutrient loss 2. Inhibit death by WBC’s via phagocytosis, contributing to pathogenicity 3. Attachment - formation of biofilms

Question 23

Cell Envelope

Answer 23

External covering OUTSIDE cytoplasm 2 layers: Cell Wall and Cell Membrane

Question 24

What is function of Cell Envelope?

Answer 24

Maintain cell integrity

Question 25

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Answer 25

Thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane DYE PURPLE

Question 26

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Answer 26

Outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane DYE RED

Question 27

Peptidoglycan

Answer 27

Primary component of bacterial cell walls Unique macromolecule composed of repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments

Question 28

Gram-Positive Cell Wall

Answer 28

- 20 to 80 nm thick peptidoglycan,Includes Teichoic Acid and Lipoteichoic Acid, Some cells have Periplasmic Space, between the cell membrane and cell wall

Question 29

Teichoic Acid and Lipteichoic Acid functions in Gram + Cell Wall

Answer 29

Cell wall maintenance and enlargement during cell division; move cations across the cell envelope; stimulate a specific immune response

Question 30

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

Answer 30

Inner and outer membranes and Periplasmic Space between them contains a thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane contains Lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Question 31

Does Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative cell have Outer Membrane?

Answer 31

Gram-Negative

Question 32

Is Gram-Positive or Gram-Negative Cell more permeable to molecules?

Answer 32

Gram-Positive

Question 33

How many major layers does Gram-Positive Cell have?

Answer 33

1

Question 34

How many major layers does Gram-Negative Cell have?

Answer 34

2

Question 35

Gram Stain

Answer 35

Differential stain that distinguishes cells with a gram positive cell wall from those with a gram-negative cell wall. Important basis of bacterial classification and identification. Practical aid in diagnosing infection and guiding drug treatment

Question 36

Which of the following is not found in the Gram-Negative cell wall structure? A. Porins B. Teichoic Acids C. Periplasmic Space D. Lipopolysaccharides E. Peptidoglycan

Answer 36

B. Teichoic Acids

Question 37

Cell Membrane Structure

Answer 37

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Question 38

Functions of Cell Membrane

Answer 38

Provides site for energy reactions, nutrient processing, and synthesis, Passage of nutrients into the cell and discharge of wastes, Cell membrane is selectively permeable

Question 39

Bacterial Cell cytoplasm

Answer 39

Dense gelatinous solution of sugars, amino acids, and salts. 70-80% water (serves as solvent for materials used in all cell functions)

Question 40

Nucleoid of Prokaryotes contains

Answer 40

Chromosome (Single, Circular, double-stranded DNA contains genetic info required by cell), Plasmids (Free small circular, double-stranded DNA)

Question 41

Bacterial Ribosomes

Answer 41

60% rRNA, 40% protein, large and small subunit, Differ from eukaryotic in size and number of proteins, Site of protein synthesis, Found in all cells

Question 42

Bacterial Internal Structures include:

Answer 42

Inclusions and granules (intracellular storage, vary in size, number and content. Bacteria use them when environmental sources are depleted)

Question 43

Endospores

Answer 43

Inert, resting cells produced by some G+ genera, Hardiest of all life forms, Withstands extreme heat, drying, freezing, radiation and chemicals, NOT A MEANS OF REPRODUCTION

Question 44

G+ genera that can produce endospores

Answer 44

Clostridium, Bacillus, and Sporosarcina

Question 45

2-Phases of Endospore Life cycle

Answer 45

1. Vegetative Cell - Metabolically active and growing 2. Endospore - Exposure to adverse environment; high resistance and long-term survival

Question 46

Sporulation

Answer 46

Formation of endospores

Question 47

Germination

Answer 47

Endospores returning to vegetative growth

Question 48

What will destroy an endospore?

Answer 48

Pressurized steam at 120 C for 20-30 minutes

Question 49

Coccus

Answer 49

Spherical

Question 50

Bacillus

Answer 50

Rod

Question 51

Coccobacillus

Answer 51

Very short and plump

Question 52

Vibrio

Answer 52

Gently curved

Question 53

Spirillium

Answer 53

Helical, comma, twisted rod

Question 54

Spirochete

Answer 54

Spring-like

Question 55

Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

Answer 55

Five volume resource covering all known prokaryotes 2 domains: Archaea and bacteria

Question 56

Domain Archaea

Answer 56

Major Taxonomic group of Prokaryotes

Question 57

Domain Bacteria

Answer 57

Major Taxonomic group of Prokaryotes

Question 58

Diagnostic Scheme for Medical Use

Answer 58

Phenotypic qualities used in identification

Question 59

Species

Answer 59

Collection of bacterial cells which share an overall similar pattern of traits in contrast to other bacteria whose pattern differs significantly

Question 60

Strain or Variety

Answer 60

A culture derived from a single parent that differs in structure or metabolism from other cultures of that species

Question 61

Type

Answer 61

A subspecies that can show differences in antigenic makeup, susceptibility to bacterial viruses and in pathogenicity

Question 62

Cyanobacteria

Answer 62

Blue-Green Algae -Gram Negative Cell wall -Photosynthetic Bacteria

Question 63

Green and Purple Sulfur Bacteria

Answer 63

Photosynthetic, Do NOT give off oxygen as product of photosynthesis

Question 64

Rickettsias

Answer 64

Obligate Intracellular Parasite -Very tiny, gram-negative bacteria -Most Pathogens -Cant survive outside host cell -Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Question 65

Chlamydias

Answer 65

Obligate Intracellular Parasites -Tiny -Not transmitted by arthropods -Chlamydia Trachomatis = eye infection and one of most common STD's -Chlamydia Pneumoniae = lung infection

Question 66

Archaea

Answer 66

3rd Domain, The other prokaryotes -More closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria -Unique genetic sequence in rRNA -Unique membrane lipids and cell walls