Primary vs Opportunistic pathogens
Primary - infect healthy hosts
Opportunistic - infect compromised hosts
Beneficial Functions of Microbiota
- Protective
- pathogen exclusion
- nutrient, receptor competition
- Antimicrobials (lactica cid, H2O2, pH, bacteriocins) - Structural
- Barrier
- Immune system (IgA induction)
- Tight junctions - Metabolic
- Ferment polysaccharides and mucus
- Synthesize vitamins
- Sequester metals
Microbial fermentations are responsible for ___ of our calories
10%
Butyrate has what functions?
- Energy source for enterocytes
- Stimulate epithelial cathelicidins
- Chromatin remodeling
Role of acetate in peripheral tissues
Anti-inflammatory mediator
Microbes associated with obesity
Firmicutes - more of this leads to obesity (maybe)
Bacteroidetes - less of this leads to obesity
What is the underlying philosophy behind the ‘Omics Revolution
- parallel analysis of many target molecules
- high throughput
- culture independent
Bifidobacteria
- Adapted to live off of oligosaccharides (breast milk)
- Peak and fall off at time of weaning
After weaning, which bacteria are most prominent?
Firmicutes (Clostridia and Lactobacillia)
Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides and Prevotella)
Infant and adult microbiomes converge at ___
2-3 years
Do microbiomes change across body sites?
Yes
