- A basic unit of genetic inheritance
- A specific physical location of a gene or DNA sequence
- Consists of multiple variants/alleles
- Gene
- Locus
- Polymorphic locus
T or F: Alleles are different variants at a locus
True
SNP or a variation in a single nucleotide that occurs at a specific position in the genome
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Tells us how often a variant occurs at a locus/gene over generations
Allele frequency
Differentiate GENOTYPE FREQUENCY and ALLELE FREQUENCY?
- Genotype frequency refers to the # individuals with a given genotype divided among the total number of individuals in a population.
- Homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous.
- Allele frequency refers to the occurrence of different alleles of a gene in a population
- Dominant and recessive alleles.
Term refers to a state where allele frequency remain constant throughout generations unless introduced with a disturbance (ie mutations, natural selection, migration).
Genetic equillibrium
This is a state of equilibrium described by having no further change in the genotype frequency from one generation to the next.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
What are the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
- No natural selection
- No mutations
- No migrations or gene flow
- Large populations
- Random mating
Under mutation, this form of gene mixing means two alleles coding for the same trait (diploid) separate during gamete formation (haploid).
Segregation
T or F: Segregation keeps the proportions of genotypes in a population.
False: it changes the proportions depending on chance.
This a process that breaks and recombines pieces of DNA to produce new combinations of genes.
Recombination
In relation, this results in a recombination
Crossovers
- This type of mutation drastically alters phenotypes and may cause death
- This type of mutation has no effect on survival or reproduction
- Lethal mutation
- Neutral mutation
_______ is the original source of new alleles, altering genetic coding through errors.
Mutation
In _______ mutation, a single DNA base is changed. It can be
- synonymous: means a single mutation does not alter translated protein
- non-synonymous: means a single mutation can alter the translated amino acid
Point Mutations
_________ mutations alters the structures of the chromosome.
Structural mutation
__________ are the movement within the genome of mobile DNA elements. This carries mobile gene elements.
Transposition
Is the probability that an offspring carries a new mutation which is denoted by the symbol of pi.
Mutation rate
How does mutation affect survival and reproduction?
- Can help fitness where small mutations contribute to the survival of large populations.
- May affect individual fitness wherein in small mutations have big effects on development.
These are small mutations that have big effects.
Homeotic mutations
T or F: When describing mutation rate, the mutation is not random. They are random only in terms of the trait that is being altered.
True
Replica plate experiment is to ______.
Fluctuation test is to _____.
- Joshua and Esther Lederberg
- Salvador Luria and Max Delbruck
___________ is the most important evolutionary process. Causes microevolution by allowing fitness-increasing alleles to become more common in the population.
Natural selection
T or F: Natural selection is also termed as the consistent difference in fitness among different classes of biological entities.
True
