1
Q
Microminerals definition
A
<0.01% of body weight
* <100 mg/d
2
Q
Microminerals with RDA established
A
- Iron
- Zinc
- Copper
- Iodine
- Selenium
- Molybdenum
3
Q
List of microminerals
A
Iron
Zince
Copper
Selenium
Chromium
Iodine
Manganese
Molybdenum
Fluoride
4
Q
Ultra trace elements
A
nikel
silicon
vanadium
arsenic
boron
cobalt
5
Q
Iron sources heme iron?
A
MFP
6
Q
iron sources nonheme iron
A
whole grains
dark leafy greens
nuts
legumes
MFP
7
Q
form of iron and absorption %
A
heme- 24%
nonheme- Ferrous best
8
Q
Iron Absorption increased by
A
- Vitamin C- Maintains, reduces iron in ferrous form
- MFP- Cysteine peptides Help with absorption of nonheme iron
- Acids- Citrate, lactate
- Lactoferrin in human milk
- Fructose
- Low iron status
9
Q
iron absorption decreased by
A
- Phytates- Whole grains, beans, nuts
- Oxalates- Spinach, chard, beets, almonds, bran
- Tannins- Polyphenols in coffee and tea
- Calcium and phosphates
- Zinc and manganese
- High pH
- EDTA
- High iron status
10
Q
Essential functional iron
A
- Hemoglobin- Oxygen-carrying protein of RBCs
- Myoglobin- Oxygen-storing/transport protein of
muscles - Heme-containing compounds- Cytochromes, catalase, peroxidase
- Transferrin- Iron transport protein
11
Q
iron nonessentail storage
A
- Ferritin- Iron storage protein, Liver, spleen, bone marrow
- Hemosiderin- Breakdown form of ferritin
(insoluble, Stored mainly in liver, iron overload: hemosiderin > ferritin
12
Q
iron function
A
- Oxygen storage and transport- Hemoglobin: loosely binds O2 and CO2 for transport between lungs and tissues/cells. - Myoglobin – oxygen transport/storage in muscle
- Cytochromes- Oxygen and electron transport in ETS
- Heme-containing enzymes:
- Peroxidase - oxidizing enzyme
- Catalase - coverts hydrogen peroxide to water & oxygen preventing oxidation
- Tryptophan dioxygenase - conversion of tryptophan to niacin
- Aconitase - coverts citrate to isocitrate in Kreb’s cycle
13
Q
iron assessment
A
- Hemoglobin
- Hematocrit
- Packed RBC volume
- Affected by hydration
- Serum iron
- Fe bound to transferrin
- TIBC
- Fe that can be bound to transferrin
- %Tsat
- Serum Fe/TIBC x 100
- Serum ferritin
- Affected by inflammation, infection
- Erythrocyte protoporphyrin
- Precursor of heme
- MCV – RBC volume
- Hct/RBC count
- MCH – Hgb content
- Hgb/RBC count
- MCHC – Hgb concentration
- Hgb/Hct
14
Q
iron deficiency
A
Stage 1: Storage iron depletion
Stage 2: Iron Deficiency Erythropoeisis
Stage 3: Iron Deficiency Anemia
15
Q
Stage 1: Storage iron depletion
A
- stores in liver, spleen, bone marrow
- Not a functional problem
- dec serum ferritin
16
Q
Stage 2: Iron Deficiency Erythropoeisis
A
- dec serum ferritin
- dec supply of iron to erythroid marrow
- dec %Tsat ( dec serum Fe, inc TIBC)
- erythrocyte protoporphyrin
17
Q
Stage 3: Iron Deficiency Anemia
A
- Microcytic – small RBCs
- MCV
- Hypochromic – pale colored RBCs
- MCH/MCHC
- dec serum ferritin
- dec supply of iron to erythroid marrow
- dec %Tsat ( dec serum Fe, inc TIBC)
- erythrocyte protoporphyrin
- dec Hgb
- dec Hct
18
Q
iron deficiency at risk
A
- Chronic blood loss
- Menstruating women
- Frequent blood donations
- Hemorrhage/GI bleed
- Pregnant women
- inc blood volume
- Demands of fetus/placenta
- Infants, children, adolescents
- dec intake
- Growth spurts
- Vegetarians/vegans
*dec intake - decabsorption
19
Q
iron def symptoms
A
- Pallor
- Fatigue
- inc HR, rapid breathing
- dec athletic performance and work capacity
- Brittle, spoon-shaped nails
20
Q
iron toxicity
A
- Constipation
- Hemosiderosis
- Fe overload without tissue damage
- Hemochromatosis
- Genetic disorder
- Fe overload with tissue damage
21
Q
zinc sources
A
- MFP
- Red meat, organ meat
- Oysters, mollusks
- Dairy
- Whole grains
- Legumes
- Green leafy and root vegetables
22
Q
Zinc absorption and transport
A
- Stored in intestinal cell as
metallothionein and transported by
albumin - Absorption ↓ by same factors as iron
- Phytates
- Oxalates
- Polyphenols
- High Zn status
- Folate and Calcium may ↓ absorption
- Iron supplements may ↓ absorption
23
Q
Zinc functions
A
- Cofactor for metalloenzymes
- Protein and nucleic acid
synthesis - Zinc fingers
- Structural role for some
hormones - Taste acuity
- Immunity
- Wound healing
24
Q
Zinc deficiency symptoms
A
- Growth retardation
- Impaired sexual maturity
- Skin lesions/ ↓ wound healing
- Dysgeusia
- Bone abnormalities
- Alopecia
- Impaired immunity
25
Zinc deficiency at risk
* Diarrhea
* Burns
26
Zinc toxicity
* Metallic taste
* Copper deficiency
27
Zinx assessment
* Serum zinc
28
Copper sources
* Organ meats
* Shellfish
* Nuts
* Seeds
* Legumes
* Dried fruits
29
Copper absorption and transport
* ↑ absorption:
* Amino acids
* Organic acids
* ↓ absorption:
* Phytates
* Zinc
* Vitamin C
* High pH
* Carrier in blood is protein
ceruloplasmin
30
copper functions
* Metalloenzymes
* Superoxide dismutase
* Other oxidase enzymes
* Tyrosine metabolism
* Dopamine
* Norepinephrine
* Melanin
* Connective tissue/bone formation
* Lysyl oxidase
* Iron metabolism
* Immune function
31
copper deficiency symptoms
* Hypochromic microcytic anemia
* Impaired immune function
* Neutropenia
* Leukopenia
* Disturbances in bone formation
* Cardiovascular dysfunction
32
copper at risk
* High Zn intake
* Antacids
33
Copper toxicity
* Wilson’s disease
* Accumulation of copper in vital
organs
* Treat with Zn supplements
34
Copper assessment
* Serum copper
* Ceruloplasmin concentration
and activity
* SOD activity
35
Selenium sources animal
* Seafood depends on mercury
concentration
36
Selenium soources plant
* Content depends on soil
concentration
* Brazil nuts = richest known source
* Wheat, broccoli and kale
hyperaccumulate Se from soil
37
selenium functions
* Glutathione peroxidase function
* Iodine metabolism and thyroid
hormone production
* Iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase
* Conversion of thyroxin (T4) to
triiodothyronine (T3)
* Thioredoxin reductasem,
38
selenium deficincy
* Keshan disease
* Cardiomyopathy
* Kashin-Beck’s disease
* Osteoarthropathy
* Poor growth
* ↓ antioxidant activity
39
slenium toxiciy
* Brittle nails
* Hair loss
40
selenium Assess
* Plasma concentrations
* Glutathione peroxidase activity
41
chromium sources
* MFP
* Organ meats
* Whole grains
* Cheese
* Peanuts
* Mushrooms
* Broccoli
* Beer
42
chromium absorption inc
↑ by:
* Picolinate
* Vitamin C
* Stainless steel cookware
43
chromium abs dec
↓ by:
* High pH
* Phytates
* Refined sugars and food processing
in general
44
chromium function
* Cofactor for insulin
* Part of glucose tolerance factor
* Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) function
45
chromium deffienceny
* Impaired glucose tolerance
* Abnormal blood lipids
* At risk: antacid users
46
chromium assessment
* No specific tests to determine
status
* No UL
47
chromium supplement
* Chromium chloride
* Chromium nicotinate
* Chromium picolinate
* High-chromium yeast
48
iodine sources
* Iodized salt
* Seafood
49
iodine function
* Synthesis of thyroid hormones
50
iondine def
* Goiter
* Goitrogens
* Hypothyroidism
51
manganese aources
* Whole grains
* Legumes
* Nuts
* Leafy vegetables
52
manganese func
* Normal brain function
* Normal bone growth
* Metabolism
* Antioxidant function
53
manganese tox
* Neurological problems
53
molybdenum sources
* MFP
* Legumes
* Grains
54
molybdenum function
* Cofactor for oxidation and
reduction reactions
* Nucleic acid metabolism
* Sulfur metabolism
55
fluoride sources
* Fluoridated water
* Fish with bones
* Tea
56
fluoride func
* Maintenance of bones and teeth
57
floride def
* Dental caries, osteoporosis
58
fluoride tox
Fluorosis- change toohth enamel
59
nickel sources
* Nuts
* Legumes
* Grains
* Cocoa
60
nickel
Enzyme activity
61
silicon sources
* Whole grains
* Root vegetables
* Beer
* Gas-X
62
silicon function
* Collagen/bone/cartilage formation
63
vanadium sources
* Shellfish
* Spinach
* Pepper
* Mushrooms
64
function vanadium
Mimics insulin
65
arsenic sources
* Seafood
66
arsenic def
* Impaired growth/reproduction
67
arsenic tox
* Depends on form
68
boron source
* F/V
* Nuts
* Legumes
* Alcoholic beverages
* Prunes
69
boron func
* Bone structure
70
cobalt
* Part of vitamin B12
71
aluminum sources
* Baking powder
* Antacids
* Cookware
* Aluminum cans
* Antiperspirant
72
aluminum def
Alzheimer’s
Nutr 302
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