1
Q
What are disease causing microorganisms called?
A
pathogens
2
Q
Define microorganisms (2 things)
A
- too small to be seen with the naked eye, so use microscope to visualize
- able to live in extreme environments (ie. thermal vents at the bottom of the ocean) where glucose is NOT readily available
3
Q
What are the 5 categories of microorganisms?
A
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi (unicellular = yeast; multicellular = mold, mushrooms)
- animals (parasitic worms aka helminths)
- protists aka protozoa (ie. algae)
4
Q
What is the cellularity and prokaryote vs eukaryote status of bacteria?
A
- UNIcellular
- prokaryotes
5
Q
gram + bacteria
* staining pattern
* cell wall characteristics (ie. thickness)
A
- Purple
Cell Wall
* THICCC peptidoglycan cell layer
* NO outer lipopolysaccharide layer like gram - bacteria, so it is easier to kill
* more sensitive to PENicillins
6
Q
What are examples of gram + cocci?
A
LoVE is Positive
* Lactococci
* viridans
* enterococci
* Strep pneumoniae/ pyogenes
* Staph Aureus
stain purple, have THICC peptidoglycan cell wall
7
Q
What are examples of gram + bacilli
A
M- Mycobacterium
A- Anthrax
C- Clostridium
D- Diptheria Corynebacterium
O
N- Nocardia
A- Actinomycetes
L- Listeria
D- Diptheroids
stains Purple and has a THICCC peptidoglycan cell wall
8
Q
Gram - bacteria
* stain pattern
* cell wall characteristics
A
- pink (red)
Cell
* thinnn peptidoglycan inner cell wall
* outer lipopolysaccharide cell layer present that secretes ENdotoxins, which makes it more pathogenic - this is to allow protection from antibiotics and detergenes, so that is why it is more resistant to penicillins, and ampicillin is able to penetrate through outer layer BUT more gram - bacteria are becoming resistant to that
9
Q
Name some gram - cocci
A
- Neisseria - gonorrhea and meningitides
- Moraxella
stains pink and has a thinnn peptidoglycan inner cell wall layer
10
Q
Name some gram - bacilli
A
- Haemophilus influenza
- H. Pylori
- Legionella
- Pseudomonas
- E. Coli
stain pink and have a thinnn peptidoglycan inner cell wall layer
11
Q
What are some examples of pathogenic bacteria?
A
- TB- transmits through droplets in the air
- E. Coli (eating ground beef) and Salmonella (eating undercooked animal meat, poultry- chicken, and eggs) leads to food poisoning
- meningitis
12
Q
What are examples of some good bacteria? Where can we get more of it?
A
- gut bacteria
- can get more good gut bacteria by eating probiotics found in yogurt, kombucha, and kimchi
13
Q
Are viruses considered living?
A
viruses are considered NOT LIVING so they have diff cell structure than others AND SO ANTIBIOTICS DO NOT WORK ON THEM
14
Q
What are the components of a virus (and also what do they NOT have)?
A
- core= nucleic acid of DNA OR RNA for the genetic material (remember in living organisms, that genetic material is ALWAYS DNA bc RNA is just there for transmission and use to make protein)
- protein shell/ envelope aka capside studded with glycoproteins
- NO RIBOSOMES
15
Q
HIV has what type of genetic material?
A
RNA
16
Q
Viruses that infect bacteria are called what?
A
bacteriophages
17
Q
How do viruses infect cells?
A
- enter and multiply in the host by using host machinery (ATP, nucleotides, tRNA, AA, enzymes)
- lytic cycle - viral proteins are made using host machinery –> lyses the host cell to infect other cells
- lysogenic cycle - viral nuclei acid inserts into DNA of host –> remains dormant –> when activated will carry out the lytic cycle
18
Q
What are some common viral diseases
A
- influenza
- common cold
covid-19 - measles
- mumps
- HIV - infects CD4 (helper) T cells
- Hepatitis
19
Q
What is the cellularity and prokaryote vs eukaryote status of protists aka protozoans?
A
- unicellular
- eukaryotes - have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
20
Q
What is a pathogenic and nonpathogenic protist examples?
A
- pathogenic: brain eating amoebas that get into brain through the nasal cavity
- non-pathogenic: paramecium
21
Q
What are some common protist caused diseases?
A
- malaria - due to plasmodium protist , which is harbored by mosquitoes
- dysentry- blood diarrhea caused by protist infecting the intestines
- sleeping sickness- comes from african trypanosomiasis
22
Q
What is the cellularity and prokaryote vs eukaryote status of fungi?
A
- unicellular = yeast OR multicellular = mold (including mushroom)
- eukaryote- true nucleus and membrane bound organelles
23
Q
Describe how fungi live (where do they get energy? what type of relationship to cause dz?)
A
- get energy from decomposing ded organic material
- symbiotic relationship with plants or living organisms to cause dz.
24
Q
What are some common diseases caused by fungi?
A
- athletes foot
- ringworm
- mold induced asthma
- lung infections from yeast like Pneumocystis jiroveci
- histoplasmosis - from bat dropping from spelunking ; blastomycosis; coccidiomycosis
- gential yeast infections via candida albicans, which is part of the normal flora of the skin
25
What is the cellularity and prokaryote vs. eukaryote status in animals?
* multicellular
* eukaryote- TRUE nucleus and membrane bound organelles
26
What is an example of a disease causing animal? How do they cause disease?
parasititc worms aka helminths
Dz
* worms eggs contaminate feces, pets, water, air, food, and toilet seats and are able to get into us via anus, nose, mouth and get into blood stream and the eggs hatch, grow, and multiply.
27
What are some examples of animals that can cause diseases?
* tapeworms (aka flatworms) in the intestines
* round worms in the intestines and lymphatic system
28
Describe infectious diseases (ie. what is it caused by and to whom can it be spread). What is another name for them?
* dz caused by **pathogens** that CAN spread from human to human or animal to human
* aka **communicable diseases**
29
What is the cycle of infection of infectious dz's?
1. reservoir aka living host - human, insect, animal- that provides nutrients to the pathogen
2. portal of exit of the pathogen- eyes (ie. conjunctivits), nose, mouth, blood, urine, feces, vaginal or seminal fluid
3. mode of transmission
4. portal of entry (ie. urethra for UTI's that have pathogens coming from the rectum or sex)
30
What are examples of susceptible hosts?
* infants and elders immunocompromised (bc weak immune system)
* bad immune system
* bad hygeine (ie. not washing hands)
* potent pathogens causing infections
31
# UTI
* Who is most susceptble to UTI's? Why?
* What is the most common microorganism causing UTI's in this demo? Why?
* What are the UTI sx's?
* What is the tx for UTI's?
* women bc they have a shorter urethra
* E. Coli bc it is very prevalent at the rectum and so easily can make its way to the urethral opening
* pain with urination, frequent urination, odor in urine, pain/ pressure at the lower abominal area
* antibiotics if bacterial; cranberry juice flavonoids, which inhibit bacteria from adhering to cells and so from causing infection
32
In general, what are the 3 modes of transmission?
* direct contact
* droplets via the air
* animal vectors (ie. insect vectors)
33
Describe direct contact mode of transmission of pathogen's
* skin to skin
* sexual
* touching contaminted surfaces (w/ fomites) - ie. doorknobs, drinking fountains, shopping carts, toys, books, water glasses, surgical tools, organ tissues used for transplant or grafting, pens, biopsy specimen
* contact with infected persons bodily fluids (ie. blood, saliva) and gets into our mucus membranes or through broken skin
* transmission from mom to fetus via placenta or vaginal canal during birth - ie. STI's (gonorrhea, herpes, syphillis, HIV)
34
What does blood borne pathogens mean? What are some example of blood -borne pathogens?
* spread b/w 2 ppl via blood exchange
* HIV, Hep B/ C
35
Explain HIV mode of transmission
* blood borne
* MC: sex (esp anal bc easy to tear delicate skin around there and when blood exposed = HIV transmits) (vaginal sex can also occur bc also has delicate skin that can tear BUT is less likely than anal) and sharing needles (via IV drug users)
* can also be spread through pregnancy, birth, and breastfeeding.
36
Explain Hep B mode of transmission
* blood borne -contaminated tattoo or piercing gun, needle stick with contaminated needle
* bodily fluids/ semen (sexual)
37
Explain Hep C mode of transmission
* blood borne - IV drug users sharing needles, blood transfusions
38
Bonus: explain Hep A mode of transmission
* fecal- oral (housed in feces and somehow gets into our mouth)
* ie. eating hep B contaminated food
* ie. person infected with Hep A gets inside fluids on hand and touches stuff and another person touches it and doesnt wash hands and eats stuff with hands and gets into our body
39
Describe droplet mode of transmission of pathogens. What are some examples of diseases spread through droplets?
* droplets in the air released by a infected person talking, coughing, or sneezing can travel up to 6 feet and be inhaled by another person
* COVID -19, TB, influenza , and water droplets infected with bacteria like Legionella that can be found in spas, water of hotels, AC unit's
40
How do you prevent droplet transmitted dz's?
* cough into a tissue or elbow
* wear a mask
41
Describe animal vector mode of tranmission of pathogens
* ie. insect vector, which transmits pathogen from one host to another after it bites an infected host
42
What are some examples of animal vector mode of transmission of pathogens?
* mosquitoes- are carrying malaria, zika virus, west nile virus
* infected ticks - can carry Borrelia Burgdorferi bacteria and can give u Lyme dz; can carry Rickettsia rickettsia and can give u Rocky Moutain Spotted fever [prevent by wearing stuff to cover waste down in wooded areas ie. when hiking]
* fleas- can carry Yersinia, which can give you the plague
43
What are 4 examples of specific microorganisms that can cause infectious dz's
* cholera (bacterial)- contaminates water and when drink it, can cause diarrhea
* varicella zoster- (viral) - from primary infection with varicella zoster during childhood can cause chickenpox. virus remains dormant in sensory dorsal root ganglion and can be reactivated and cause shingles when you grow up.
* covid-19 (viral)
* HIV (viral)- infects helper T cells (CD4 T cells)
44
Describe non-infectious dz's (what causes them? how is it spread?)
* caused by **age, nutritional deficiencies, gender, heredity, and lifestyle**
* **DO NOT spread** from person to person and stays in the infected person
45
What are examples of non-infectious diseases?
* cancer (somatic mutation) - EXCEPTION: HPV can be spread by sex and lead to cervical cancer
* Diabetes
* arthritis
* asthma
* stroke - brain attack
46
What are the 2 general types of microscopes?
* light
* electron
47
Describe light microscopes. Include the 6 types.
* lower magnification and resolution than electron microscopes
* can see the general structure of cells
* uses light to illuminate surface to visualize
6 types
* bright field - most common one used in bio lab
* dark field - to visualize spirochetes
* phase contrast - look at cellular growth
* fluorescence - uses UV light to look at tissues
* confocal scanning laser
* differential interference contrast
48
Describe electron microscope. Give examples of them
* **high magnification (150k x - 1M x) and resolution**
* can see cell organelles, cells and tissues, macromolecules (tiniest = can see atoms) and also **viruses**
* CAN NOT use to look at living cells bc the vaccum of e-'s to look at things will kill them
2 types
* transmission- can see internal structures due to e-'s going into the object.
* scanning- look at surface details
Biology
flashcards
Decks in class (12)
# Cards
-
Cell Structure, Function, Organization71
-
cell structure practice questions11
-
Genetic Material38
-
genetic material practice questions6
-
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance22
-
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance practice questions4
-
Basic Macromolecules69
-
Basic Macromolecules practice questions8
-
Microorganisms48
-
Microorganisms practice questions18
-
Biology practice questions32
-
biology practice questions from ati unit quiz6
