Microorganisms

Question 1

Examples of Viruses

Answer 1

• HIV
• bacteriophage T2
• adenovirus
• rabies virus
• influenza virus

Question 2

Viruses

Answer 2

• acellular
• obligate intracellular parasite
• RNA or DNA
• presence or absent of lipid envelope

Question 3

Prion

Answer 3

misfolded protein that perpetuates itself

Question 4

Examples of Diseases Caused by Prions

Answer 4

• scrapie
• chronic wasting disease
• kuru
• Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
• bovine spongiorm encephalopathy

Question 5

Bacteria (Prokaryotes)

Answer 5

• self-replicating microorganism lacking a true nucleus

- most have rigid cell wall with peptidoglycan

Question 6

Fungi

Answer 6

• eukaryotic
• cell wall of chitin (polymer of N-acetylglucosamine)
• grow as molds (cooler temps) and yeast (body temp)

Question 7

Protozoa

Answer 7

unicellular eukaryotes with complex life cycles

Question 8

4 Divisions of Pathogenic Protozoans

Answer 8

1. Amoebae
2. Flagellates
3. Ciliates
4. Sporozoa

Question 9

Amoebae

Answer 9

cause diarrhea, dysentery

Question 10

Flagellates

Answer 10

Giardia, Trichomonas

Question 11

Ciliates

Answer 11

few cause human diseases

Question 12

Sporozoa

Answer 12

• Plasmodium (malaria)

- Cryptosporidium (GI/diarrhea)

Question 13

Helminths

Answer 13

• multicellular “worms”

- 3 classes: cestodes (tape worms), nematodes, trematodes (flukes)

Question 14

Staphylococcus

Answer 14

• clusters of cocci

- G+

Question 15

Neisseria

Answer 15

-pairs of cocci (diplococci)

Question 16

Vibrio cholerae

Answer 16

• comma shaped

- contain 2 chromosomes

Question 17

Bacteroides

Answer 17

-irregular rod shape

Question 18

Mycoplasma

Answer 18

• lack peptidoglycan

- amorphous shapes

Question 19

Bordetella pertussis

Answer 19

• fragment of peptidoglycan with toxic activity (tracheal cytotoxin/TCT)
• causes pertussis (whooping cough)

Question 20

Hemophilus influenzae

Answer 20

• G-

- coccal-bacilli

Question 21

Clostridium perfringens

Answer 21

• G+ rod
• old cultures stain variably
• gas gangrene, wound infections, food intoxication
• endospores

Question 22

Streptococcus mutans

Answer 22

• cause of dental caries

- capsule

Question 23

Bacillus anthracis

Answer 23

• G+ rod
• capsule made of polypeptides
• endospores

Question 24

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Answer 24

-protective vaccine against it is composed of a polyvalent mixture of different antigenic types of pneumococcal capsules

Question 25

Pattern Molecule that Elicits Immune Response

Answer 25

1. peptidoglycan 2. Lipid A 3. Flagellin 4. some pili

Question 26

Borrelia burgdorferi

Answer 26

- bacterial genome is linear - causes Lyme disease - spirochete

Question 27

Escherichia coli

Answer 27

-G- rod

Question 28

Treponema pallidum

Answer 28

- spirochete - causes syphilis - axial filament (polar flagella encased within periplasm) - corkscrew motion

Question 29

Gonococcus

Answer 29

-can vary the immunogenicity of its pili

Question 30

Endospores

Answer 30

- survival mechanism used by some bacteria - heat-, drying-, and UV-resistant - in 2 G+ spore-forming genera: Clostridium (ex: C. tetani, C. difficile), Bacillus (B. anthracis)