Mid term 1

Question 1

What is scientific inquiry

Answer 1

A question about how a system or the world works

Question 2

What is natural selection?

Answer 2

Natural selection is the method of evolution where advantageous traits are passed onto offspring.

Question 3

What is adaptive evolution

Answer 3

Adaptive evolution is where a species has become uniquely evolved to their environment

Question 4

How does natural selection lead to adaptive evolution

Answer 4

Natural selection leads into adaptive evolution because natural selection drives and selects for adaptations that are adventageous to the environment

Question 5

How is DNA synthesized

Answer 5

Strands of DNA are separated at the helix by a replication fork. Then it is synthesized by DNA polymerase. DNA polymerase adds 3 inches to the end of a growing strand. The first strand is called a leading strand and is sythesized continuously. The second is a lagging strand and synthesized in parts.

Question 6

How is DNA divided

Answer 6

DNA is divided into two gametes pinched together at the centromere called homologous chromosomes. These gemetes are genetically identical.

Question 7

How is DNA passed down to daughter cells

Question 8

What is non-disjunction

Answer 8

When sister chromatids separate incorrectly

Question 9

What is trisomy

Answer 9

An extra chromosome

Question 10

How do you interpret a Punnett square for mono and di hybrid crosses

Answer 10

Monohybrid- cross each listed trait
Dihybrid- create each possible pair and place them on outside of square then cross traits.

Question 11

What are the steps of mitosis

Answer 11

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 12

What are the steps of Meiosis

Answer 12

Round 1- Prophase1, prometaphase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, Telophase 1
Round 2- Prophase 2, prometaphase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, Telophase 2, cytokinesis
(one round of dna synthesis, two rounds of separation)

Question 13

What is Mendels law of independent assortment

Answer 13

Gene pairs segregate separately

Question 14

What is Mendels law of segregation

Answer 14

Allele pairs separate and offspring will receive only one allele of each type from a parent

Question 15

What are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 15

Homologous chromosomes are chromosome pairs containing the same genes

Question 16

What is a haploid

Answer 16

A cell with ONE complete set of chromosomes.

Question 17

What is a diploid

Answer 17

A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes.

Question 18

What happens during interphase

Answer 18

Cells prep for mitosis and meiosis

Question 19

What is prophase

Answer 19

Chromosomes condense into visible radiate microtubules and migrate to opposite sides of the cell.

Question 20

What is Prometaphase

Answer 20

Microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes.

Question 21

What is Anaphase

Answer 21

Sister chromatids are (which become individual chromosomes when centromere splits) separate and travel to opposite poles

Question 22

What is telophase

Answer 22

Nuclear envelope reforms and chromosomes decompress

Question 23

G1- Interphase

Answer 23

Cell expands in size in preparation for cell division.

Question 24

S phase

Answer 24

Synthesizing DNA

Question 25

G2

Answer 25

Cells begin to start separating

Question 26

What is the order of DNA compounds

Answer 26

helicase primase polymerase ligase

Question 27

What does cycin CDK do?

Answer 27

Ensures DNA isn't replicated twice

Question 28

What enzyme relieves tension during DNA seperation

Answer 28

topoisomerase

Question 29

What ratio does a heterozygote crossing with a heterozygote produce?

Answer 29

3:1

Question 30

How does segregation predicts a 1:1 ratio of males to females

Answer 30

During male meiosis had of the gametes got X chromosomes and half get Y chromosomes resulting in the 1:1 ratio

Question 31

How do we Identify sex linked traits?

Answer 31

Ironically through who doesn't have the trait. if a trait is x linked it is far more likely to be seen in males because males have only one X chromosome.

Question 32

How does human pedigree show us the mode of inheritance

Answer 32

autosomal inheritance has no sex linked discrepancies, x/y or sex linked inheritance will show a pattern pertaining to the sexes, and mitochondrial will only show up via the maternal line.

Question 33

how do we determine where two genes are on a chromosome

Answer 33

by the percentage chance that the genes will cross over Ex- 12.2% chance of recombination = 12.2 map units

Question 34

How does recombination occur on the same chromosome?

Answer 34

crossing over during prohpase 1

Question 35

How do we determine order and distance apart on a chromosome?

Answer 35

dist= rate of recombination order or use the map and add

Question 36

Predict and explain three different modes of transmission for genes in cytoplasmic organelles

Question 37

How do we calculate the rate of recombination

Answer 37

total presentation of all alleles added together for total take alleles you want to know about and add then divide by total creating a percentage.