1
Q
What is the impact of modernization theory nowadays?
A
-Many assumptions today of what is setting countries back from development is based in modernization theory
2
Q
When was Huntington’s “Clash of Civilizations” published? What did it predict ? What was going to matter the most ?
A
- 1993
- Predicted intensified conflict between different civilizational (western civilization (christian ) vs Islamic civilization ) groupings across the globe after the cold war
- what is going to matter after the cold war= identities, civilization groupings to be mobilized
3
Q
Depict a second example of traditional civil society ?
A
Somalia’s Islamic Courts Union
- Somalia has lacked an effective central government since its state collapsed in 1989-90 creating a power vacuum
- loosing central government creates a power vacuum which was then filled by war lords
- Since then, it has been domination by militias organized along various clan lines and commenced by warlords
- With US and UN involvement, Somali groups sought to establish order and structure
- By 2006, the Islamic Courts Union, an armed group whose legitimacy was rooted in enforcing of Shari’a law, had gained control over much of the country’s legislation (and they were pure Somalia, no funding)
- The ICU competed with the official but powerless government which has emerged from negotiations backed by the international community
- they were not affiliated with “terrorism” though
- Out of fear that they were gonna be terrorism, the US sponsored an attack on them and ended up radicalizing the ICU which morphed into a much more violent/terrorist group now launching attacks
4
Q
How does Hawala works ?
A
- Someone wants to send from Dubai to her family in Karachi
- She pays a local hawala broker, who contacts a broker in Pakistan via WhatsApp and agrees upon a password, which is then relayed to the sender
- The sender tells her relatives in Karachi where to pick up the money, and gives the password
- The relatives goes to the hawala broker in Karachi, gives the password, and gets the moment immediately
- The brokers will settle the debt between them at a later time
5
Q
Depict the relations between the Chewas and Tumbukas in Zambia. What can explain this?
A
- In Zambia, the very same ethnic groups are allies
- The two groups united in the same political party
- In Zambia, Chewas and Tumbukas are small minority groups within a much larger, more diverse country
6
Q
What has been a constraining factor for poorer countries ?
A
Washington consensus is really hard to escape - and poorer countries have been constrained by it post cold war and let to uneven path and blocks for major breakthrough
7
Q
What are IFIs? When were they founded ? What for ?
A
- International Financial Instituions : World Bank and IMF (also known as Bretton woods institutions)
- Founded by the US and Europe 1944
- intended for the post-war reconstruction of Europe
8
Q
What is Social Capital ? What is generated by ? How to measure it ?
A
- Bonds that hold society together, social trust, shared values, coordination, cooperation, bonds among the population. Very valuable commodity that might be difficult to generate but very beneficial.
- Generated by civil society. Derives from associations and groups within civil society, These associations and groups don’t have to be political - which allows to bond with people who might be very different from you.
- How do you measure it ? Survey data, asking people “how much to your trust your neighbour”, looking at social capital as the opposite of corruption, degrees of trust
9
Q
What does the relation between colonization and gender proves?
A
Which goes against all the “oh but its their culture” ,every country has a indigenous organization for women’s right. Artificial division of what is western or what is local undermines the fact that the struggle for women right is universal
10
Q
What are the impacts of war within states ?
A
- civil wars weaken states, leading lasting divisions
- While European countries experienced inter-state war to build strong state , the process of state formation in the developing world ended up being the opposite outcome (weak, not organized states)
11
Q
When are ethnic groups mobilized against each other and why ?
A
- Politicians will mobilize groups that are large enough to constitute viable coalitions in the competitions for political power
- If groups are too small to serve as viable political support bases, they will go unmobilized’ “the cleavage that separates them will remain politically irrelevant”
12
Q
How can globalization strengthens economies ? What does it also create ?
A
- Foreign Direct investment provides local jobs, strengthens, local economies
- FDI is an highly sought after which lead to countries competing between each other to attract investment
13
Q
What is the purpose of the state?
A
-Solving collection action problems - to resolve problems that arise within the citizenry that prevent citizen from acting in the common state interest. Example: Tax collection (temptation to benefits from the goods brought by taxes while avoiding paying taxes) so the State makes sure that everybody makes their part, contribution to the collective good.
-Protecting domestic populations from foreign attack
-Protecting citizens from each other - making sure that peace is kept
14
Q
who is Alexis De Toqueville
A
- Wrote “Democracy in America” (1837)
- French man observing the rich “civil society” in America
15
Q
How does dependency theory frame global inequality ?
A
- Global North great wealth arose from the exploitation of the global south
- Holds that global south country were condemned to the periphery of the global economy
16
Q
What are the legacy of colonialism (4) ?
A
- economies reliant on natural resources (developing countries relying heavily on export of natural resources or agricultural product, economies tied in to the global system in the same way they were)
- economies geared towards exports
- Social, political and economic marginalization of darker-skinned peoples (inequalities based on race)
- Violent coercion of labor force (violence towards those who want to unionize etc..)
17
Q
A
18
Q
What is common about the countries with high GINI index?
A
- all the top ranked are in the developing world
- all have history of colonization
- some have very important history of civil war
19
Q
What are the 8 components of traditional society in the modernization view ?
A
- Rural
- Agrarian (subsistence agriculture, eat what they grow and maybe sell surplus locally)
- Bound by custom, religion (rather than being a “free-capitalist”, people thinking of duties to family, superstitions, etc..)
- United by clan ties, extended family
- Little or no upward mobility (horizon of future based on current position, family’s past)
- Lack of access to education (illiterate, semi-literate, religious education learning)
- Economy based on “primary” forms of production (related initial basic stages of production, example: natural resources extraction, getting mineral off the earth, not multiplying value of the commodity, the extra level of production happening outside the developing country)
- pyramidal and unfree (very small elite, middle class further down, and mass of poor at the bottom +lack of political freedom and democracy derived from traditional conception of political power comfortable with authoritarianism, top down structures of authority)
20
Q
Name 4 problems/consequences of SAPs and IFIs loans
A
1. In 1970s and 80s, IFIs loaned money to brutal regimes (uruguay, Chile, Argentina, Zaire). Much of the spending was never accounted for: corrupt leaders could embezzle
2.Some programs resulted in large-scale environmental devastation, like program to clear rainforest in Latin-America, Africa, and Southeast Asia (which does hand in hand with worsening poverty )
3. SAPs mandated that developing countries redirect resources to producing exports for the repayment of debt.This caused an overproduction of primary products and a fall in the prices (because of over supply )
- It also hit traditional agriculture and created hordes of landless farmers in many global south countries
21
Q
Women lack of rights deprives them of _____, _______, ________, ________ . Note the connection of these.
A
autonomy
power to earn
power to make decision
social power
(which is very connected to political power, women who cant have a voice in the family wont have a voice in the political arena)
22
Q
When was ISIS founded and in which conditions ?
A
-Founded 2006 in US-occupied Iraq
23
Q
What was the role of the colonial state ?
A
controlling territory and extracting resources
24
Q
What are the 8 components of modern society in the modernization view ?
A
- Urban
- Industrial (linked to urban because factories are in cities, embracing industrial types of production creating massive waves of migration into the cites )
- Secular (values are transformed by this lifestyle change, ties to customs are eroded and worn down)
- Individual, nuclear family ties
- Upwardly, spatially mobile (moving to the city allows better opportunity allowing to join the middle class which would lead to a broad change at societal level- not bound to the land where your family lived, you would move where the jobs were)
- Access to education ( which facilitate mobility)
- Economy based on “secondary” forms of production (finishing resources)
- Diamond-shaped and ready to democratize ( where the majority of the people are in the middle class, very rich and very poor still present but very small portion AND the poor had the possibility to aspire for middle class and mobility, overtime future generation would know upward mobility)
25
What is the islamic distribution in Nigeria ?
What does the wealth distribution look like in Nigeria ?
What does this imply for Boko Haram?
- Dense islam in the north. The most muslim states tend to also be the ones who are the poorest.
- Nigeria is a major oil producing country, it has had a large amount of oil revenue which was supposed to be shared, but in practice, there ends up having a lot of corruption and unequal distribution, government putting it in its pocket.
- Boko-Haram is operating where there is very little economic opportunity where people are angry at the state, and where sometimes joining a rebel group can be the better option, it guarantee you that you will be fed, that you will be more powerful (gun), you can steal. Most of the people who fight with them, are mostly not driven by strong islamic motivations but much rather a practical purpose. Perception that the group is brutal but not any worse than the military. The government will mass arrest men (because not sure of who is who), which probably leads people into the arms of boko-haram as it refinforced negative feelings towards the governement.
26
What is the concept of sex understood as?
-The concept of sex is understood to essentialize women **“tending to depict women as having a distinctive and to some degree biologically determined nature "**
27
Describe the first 10 years of indepence in Zambia
- For the first 10 years of independence, the global copper boom made Zambia a middle-income country
- They were hopeful that overtime, their economy would rise and strengthen. Hope for Zambia, from its strong copper economy, to follow the modernization theory path (steady growth overtime)
28
Depict the relations between the Chewas and Tumbukas in Malawi. What can explain this?
- In Malawi, Chewas and Tumbukas are adversaries (there is not violence blowing up however, but they regard each other negatively)
- When Malawian politicians seek to build political support bases, they find the Chewas and Tumbukas to be useful building blocks (posner) \*easy to mobilize people on the basis of ethnicity and one of the easiest way to do that is promoting animosity between the group
- In Malawi, both groups are big enough to have political weight (but they are big enough to have political weight , they are still players)
29
According to primordialism, identity has \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
political meaning and you stay with it for life( It is your essential identity that is going to matter more than any other aspect you may choose to emphasize)
30
31
What could happened to women after the struggle wins?
-After contributing to winning the struggle, women have often been marginalized from power in the new government (in the heat of battle, a movement will take whoever is willing to join so women were integrated but then what happens after the fight is over ? **Are their contributions recognized and have a more prominent role in politics OR are women relayed to a marginalized position, marginalized from power in the new order of things)**
32
Womens access to rights such as ______________ (4), has a strong impact on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
divorce, abortion, land ownership, employment
their social and political power
33
What did Alexis de Tocqueville notice and claim ?
observing civic life in such an important period in USA he noticed a key difference between how people live in the US vs EUR (rich associational life )
-Americans involvement in associations allowed them to overcome their lack of influence as individuals
34
35
According to Weber, the modern state also has \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which \_\_\_\_\_\_
“rational-legal authority’
-which establishes state power as a distinct sphere wielded bulb the state institutions
36
In the Neo-Marxist view , what does the state represent ? How do they portray its power ?
- the state represents an agglomeration of political and economic elite power, and the power of key interest groups within society
- a vehicle towards ensuring stability and ongoing economic benefit for the elite who benefit from the stars quo in which the state governs
37
What does the instrumentalism view claim?
- Leaders, both colonial and indigenous, manipulate ethnicity for political power
- Ethnicity this becomes a political instrument (mobilize one group as power base, mobilize one group against another)
- Ethnic groups are “based on culture affinities that comes self conscious communities as a result of social and political changes”
38
What is the Washington consensus ? What does it recommend ?
- Post-Cold war US/UK economic approach
- Forbids interventionism
- Recommends privatization as the path to economic success and integration into the global market : cut budget deficits, privatize state enterprises, reduce tariff protection; emphasize export development; cut subsidies; reduce regulations; broaden the tax base
39
What has been happening to women and leadership ? Is this representative ? What do we need to look at?
-Growing number of female heads of state
Variation in number of women in legislature
-But while it is important it remains limited. We need to look atDescriptive vs Substantive Representation .
40
Depict elements of ethnicity. What do they also make up? What are they useful for ?
- elements of ethnicity include : race, religion, language, culture, tradition and custom
- culture itself is made of many of these same composers
- etnicity is a useful too for political mobilization
41
How can globalization strengthens sovereignty ?
-States can also organize to help each other solve problems like human trafficking, drug smuggling, climate change (strengthens sovereignty)
42
What is consolidation ?
- The cementation that happens after the transition
- Democracy taking hold : two consecutive free and fair elections, or power switching hand in an election
- Consolidation is the lead likely and most difficult outcome to achieve
- An “opening” does not guarantee a successful transition
43
What can be seen as "traditional civil society"?
-“Traditional” civil society is defined by pre-existing, informal social networks extending beyond the family that are often critical to providing services and resources in poor communities
44
What happened in the 1960s in terms of IFIs? What did that also imply ?
- Began lending to Third World in 1960s (but with lending came advice and conditions)
- World Bank and IMF as institutional bodies created by the US (and western Europe) and had a great role in shaping activities in the global south
45
How can identiy divide ?
How can it unite ?
It can be a precursor to violence
a way for groups to have a voice
46
What were the two factors driving colonization ?
greed for resources and beliefs of white racial superiority
Driven by a desire for resource (greed), have tasted the promise of Africa’s resource rich geography they wanted more AND belief that African were inferior to colonizers so colonization was beneficial and just, wanting to enlighten Africans with religion and civilization
47
What is the key to be integrated in the global market? What does it imply ?
- Membership in the WTO is the key to integration into the global market
- It also comes with conditions: a member-country cannot impose Tariffs a on import
48
How is Priomordialism coercive?
it imposes itself on the entire group, reinforces homogeneity
49
What drove colonialism in the Western Hemisphere ?
-European powers were driven by th exploitation/promise of natural resources
Profitable ways to exploit land : agriculture and mines
50
What happened in 2000s in Zambia ?
- Beginning in the early 2000s, rising Chinese demand for copper boosted Zambia’s economy again
- But that 2000s boom also declined, Zambia economic growth also slowed
51
According to Fukuyama, how can we assess the strenght or weakness of a state?
“ability to plan and execute policies and to enforce laws cleanly and transparently”
-how effectively can they do it? Are state (political decision-makers) elites accountable?
52
What does the notions of "buy-in" in terms of the state represent ?
-all agreed on the state as citizen because “its the things to do”, we all benefit from the state
- countries where you feel the existence of the state in your life, you stay at the red light because you’ve been conditioned to do so, its subjective manifestation of the state.
- State power have becomes so imprinted that citizens do what the state would want them to do even when no one is watching
53
Give two example of the bright side of IFIs
- In some cases, they ended wasteful and inefficient state spending, government support to industries (example **Brazil**, able to break thought debt cycle)
- By 2000s, World Bank started putting **more emphasis on poverty alleviation, education, health care, empowering women** (although with mixed results)
54
What did SAP encouraged countries to do ? What did that imply for small countries ?
- Encouraged countries to find a niche in the global economy to gain a comparative advantage (and bring in foreign currency which has more value and is more stable compare to the countries own Currency which is better to pay off debt )
- For small countries, this edge is easily lost (big countries edging them out). Free-trade can destroy local industries
55
How many democracies were there in 1918, 1962, 2007 ? What is the number shaped by?
1918 (post WW1) : 29 democracies
1962 : 36 democracies ; “reverse wave” caused by poverty, instability, superpower destabilization, shrank this number
2007 : 123 democracies
\*the number is also influenced by our definition of it
56
How do Sunni Muslims feel about ISIS?
-Sunni Muslims feeling that even though ISIS is bad, not as bad as the government
57
For women, rights can be seen as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
gateway for different other rights and for power in society
58
What is the moral hazard in authoritarian regimes when attempting economic development ? What are the two ways in can go?
-Lack of accountability under authoritarianism which can both ways.
1. governments can push forth unpopular legislation to promote growth
OR
2. they might just embezzle and be corrupt
59
Which rights critically intersect with gender? What does this intersection look at, provide an example to illustrate that point ?
* *-civil rights :** property ownership, doing business, joining workforce
* *-political rights :** participating in government , freedom of speech, freedom of assembly
* *-social rights :** housing, health care, education, food and water
-**critical intersection :** to what extend do women have access to these rights
\*women's right to education or property rights makes a huge difference for outmodes for example
60
Depict Boko Haram's evolution
“snake that the government should ought to kill in its infancy but did not/failed. So now it grew and is now too big to be killed”
61
What happened in Chile in 1988
1988 Plebiscite
-With mounting economic problems, international criticism and Pope jean-haul 2 calling for human rights ; Army called a referendum for Chilean citizens to decide if Pinochet should remain in power
-If not, the army would step aside and half elections for a civilian leader
NO wins, 55.99% to 44.01%
62
Copper accounts for _____ of Zambia’s GDP and _______ of export revenues
40%
74%
63
What can happen when the state controls the entire economy?
-If the state controls the entire economy (owns land, business, tariffs..),this can stifle growth
64
What is an example of cross cutting ties in action ?
- Varsney (2002) analyzed why Hindu-Muskim inter communal violence flared up in some parts of India but not others int he later 1990s and early 2000s\*\*\*
- He found that where violence was absent, civic organization (school board, business associations, trade groups) brought Muslims and Hindus together
- The notion of civic life and focus on the bonds that hold Muslims and hindus together as determining relations
- Those ties create an absence of violence (not necessarily erasing “differences” but still allowing harmony)
- In communities where violence occurred, such organizations were organized along religious lines diving instead of unifying
- Regions reported as violent at the time of the study, remain violent today
- Not just a question of presence of difference communities, the violence occurred when they live side by side but has not cross cutting ties
65
When did the Berlin Conference take place? Who was present ? What was the goal ?
1884-5
German, British, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Belgian, and US delegates met to carve up Africa
European wanted to prevent competition over African land and resources from turning violent
66
What happened to African countries despite SAPs ?
Despite (or because of) these programs, African countries debt tripled from 80s to 90s and continued to rise into the 1990s
67
What happends to diversifed economies when oil price experience a shock ?
Countries with diversified economies (Canada, Russia, USA) have other sectors to fall back on when oil experiences a price shock
68
Many scholars have regarded civil society as being \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
crucial to ensuring civil liberties and holding the government accountable
69
Many developing countries used a huge % of their foreign exchange earnings just to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
service their external trade
70
When a state is not able to provide that level of effectiveness
-whatever else (growth, harmony) is going on is at risk
71
Give an example of resource curse.
Equatorial Guinea
- Former Spanish colony has tremendous oil wealth
- China, Western countries have kept dictator in power to secure resource access by selling weapons, training security forces, keeping diplomatic ties (Obiang has the longest standing dictator in recent history who’s position has been secured by oil wealth)
\*Taps into path dependency, ongoing over reliance on natural resources which kept counties more on the periphery of the global economy
72
Define comparative advantage
Comparative Advantage : economy focusing on one thing that its good at as a way of finding a niche in the global market in which it has an advantage
73
What does "Boko Haram" signify? What does the name imply ?
Name translate roughly as “Western education is sacrilegious”
- Meant to resonate with a broader global muslim and a local population BUT it does not represent the views of the people they claim to represent muslim Nigeria for example) , majority of victims are actually local Muslims. Most of the people who suffer the worst from these groups are the people on who’s behalf the group claims to be acting.
- rejection Western influence adaption of a radical string within islam
74
How do Bate's ideas relate to modernization theory?
Bates’s notion relates to the importance of upward-mobility as a necessity for a society to improve and reach out of poverty
75
What is the down side of ISI
- ISI encouraged corruption (because a lot of state spending allocated to build goods which was often skimmed)
- lack of competition (leading to the products to be poorly manufacture)
- The jobs these created were outweighed by the costs of buying and maintaining machinery
- Countries started borrowing money; used foreign exchange reserves to buy Western goods
76
According to constructivism, how are ethnic traits acquired ?
they are acquired through social interaction, shaped by exogenous factors
people are socialized into their identities
77
What was the solution of developing nations for dealing with developed nations have monopoly on comparative advantage of manifactured goods? Give an example.
Import-Substitution Industrialization (ISI)
Many developing countries in Latin America and Asia developed indigenous industries; In Brazil and Mexico, even steel and cars
78
Cuts in government subsidies for basic goods (food, fertilizer, seeds) harm\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the world’s poorest
79
What are the 4 mechanism of state formation in inter-state war ?
* *1. Raising an army** (get together a critical mass of young men willing to go to war)
* *2.Collecting taxes** (convincing people to pay taxes, offering safety and benefits. War is a context in which people are willing to pay money)
* *3.Building infrastructure** (requires shipping lanes, railroads … when the war is over these infrastructure can be used)
* *4.“Rally round the flag” effect** (people feel a sense of identity based on statehood/citizenship- going to war against an “other” leads people to see themselves as a part of collectivity)
80
What happened to Hawala in Iraq and Syria? What does this examplifies ?
- In areas under its control, the Islamic State has taxed Hawala and turned it into a revenue stream for its actives
- portrays the potential negative impact of traditional
81
What were IFI loans conditional on?
**-structural adjustment** : states had to cut their spending (social programs, subsidies), privatize, orient their economies towards exports (to gain foreign currency)
82
Modernization was seen as a prerequisistes for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Who claimed that?
- Key US scholars like Samuel Huntington
- Modernization as a prerequisites to democratization - if you democratize prematurely, it would be too unstable (too many people fighting for resources, too many completion parties.. ) and would not work
83
What does priomordialism claim ? (5)
- Primordial attachements existe a priori, prior to social interaction and experience
- “Ethnic traits are “in born”, they are a set of characteristic that are genetically impritted into a person regardless of their upbringing (nature vs nurture ? Primordialism = nature)
- Identity has political meaning and you stay with it for life( It is your essential identity that is going to matter more than any other aspect you may choose to emphasize)
- Priomordialism is coercive: it imposes itself on the entire group, reinforces homogeneity
- Priomordialism identity is marked by affectivity : the emotional charge that underlies identity
84
What were women disposed of because of colonialism ? What did that lead to?
Women were disposes of claims to land, as ownership laws were codified to favour men.
Turning women into **dependents (**with less autonomy they initially possessed)
85
How can globalization weaken economies ?
-Free trade can flood local markets with cheaper goods, harming local businesses, farmers (weakens- now a countries has to compete with global players )
86
How do some scholars represent the state as an Idea ?
“ensemble of affective orientations, images, and expectations imprinted in the minds of its subjects”
Regardless of physical institutions, the presence of the state in our daily life has a lot to do with how we experience the state and if we feel the state ?
87
What happened to global poverty and inequality in the age of globalization? What does this mean?
- The number of people living in absolute poverty (living on 1.25$ or less per day, according to the world bank) has declined rapidly over the last 30 years
- On the other hand, the percentage of global wealth concentrated into the hands of the ultra rich has grown dramatically over the period
- inequality is rising, the top 1% is gaining share of wealth, which suggest we are not moving away from turmoil regardless of decreasing poverty
88
Give an example of SAP causing envrionemtal damage.
Program to clear rainforest in Latin-America, Africa, and Southeast Asia (which does hand in hand with worsening poverty )
89
What did the Bolivian Coca Growers’ Union focused on?
economic development and cooperation between government and coca growers
90
Depict the military tension in democratic transition ?
There are usually hard-liners (want to resist democracy because 1) to keep power to themselves, 2) ideology opposition, 3)pragmatic because of blood on their hand and want to avoid trial) and soft-liners (in favour of democratization, they feel time for change has come, they want to end the global isolation caused by non-democracy \*\*\*\*) within an authoritarian regime - there is usually tension between these two.
Leaders (of military\*\*\*?) give political freedoms in exchange for no violence, immunity form prosecution, economic and political privileges
91
Depict intersectionality. What does it shape? What does it give us?
- women from diverse backgrounds (race, class, sexual orientation) will often experience very different life outcomes even within the same country (even within the same country)
- this shapes opportunity and relative equality between different segments of the population
- gives us the tool to unpack what inequality looks like
92
What is an example of political unrest due to oil prices ?
Venezuela
93
Give an example of the devastating effects of SAPs in a country.
Jamaica (1979-1985)
- Jamaica turned to WB and IMF to manage its skyrocketing external debt in the 1970s
- By 1985, the economy was less production than in 1979 (GNP had shrunk); global prices for Jamaica’s main export, bauxite, had plunged
- Debt when from 60% of GDP in 1979 to 180% of GDO in 1985
- Spiral of debt
- Unemployment had risen sharply even as many Jamaicans emirates to USA, UK, and Canada to find work (not a unique case)
- Government spending on healthy, education, and social services had been cut back, and living standards of the poor had worsened
- Jamaica had complied with all SAP conditions, but results were dismal
94
According to Migdal's view, in terms of which three factors state can power be understood ?
* *1.Compliance:** how much will citizens comply with state demands? Can the state achieve this without violence
* *2.Participation:** Will citizens voluntarily comply to be organized and mobilized by the state without violence needed (vote, military service?)
* *3.Legitimation:** An acceptance “of the states rules of the game, its social as trues and right”
95
Why would ex-colonial powers would not get involved in the Boko Haram situation ?
- Their involvement could potentially cause recruitment boost for Boko-Haram.
- If an ex-colonial power were to get involve, it would play right into boko-haram’s hands who could say “ you see, the government is lacking and dependent in colonial power” which could backfire and lead more people to join boko-haram.
96
What happened in 2006 for the ICU? Who did they compete with?
- By 2006, the Islamic Courts Union, an armed group whose legitimacy was rooted in enforcing of Shari’a law, had gained control over much of the country’s legislation (and they were pure Somalia, no funding)
- The ICU competed with the official but powerless government which has emerged from negotiations backed by the international community
97
Elections are _______ but not ________ to a democracy ?
Necessary
Sufficient
- election are necessary- the sin qua non of a democracy system
But elections by themselves are not sufficient- democracies need to guarantee human rights and ensure accountability
Need for a principle that “No one can be above the rule of law”
98
What Does Democratic Transitions Imply ? (3)
- The replacement of authoritarian rules and structures by democratic ones
- Consensus and national unity as key requirements for success (Need for “Buy in” : Acceptance on the part of the population that democracy is the only game in town, the only system that people are able to accept )
- Small groups of leaders (elites) play a disproportionate rile on the decision-making phase
99
What are “cross-cutting ties”?
Associations unite people of different class or ethnicity . Bridging division
100
What role can the military play in democratic transition ?
Military as gatekeepers that hods the keys to the ultimate outcome of whether a country successfully democratize or not
101
There remains _______ to globalization in many parts of the world
much opposition
The sense that globalization is a net good- is contested
102
In the instrumentalism view, what do leaders do? To what purpose ?
Leaders, both colonial and indigenous, manipulate ethnicity for political power
103
Can the Asian Tigers sucess be repeated anywhere else ? What were the special conditions that allowed their leap ?
- Tawain , S. Korea and Japan were all key US allies during the Cold War
- The US protected them military from rival states (USSR, China, North Korea), giving theses countries an opportunity to incest in building their economies
- The US also gave these countries favourable trade terms providing them with massive, tariff-free markets in which to sell their good
104
What did resource privatization lead to?
- Anti-privatization Forum (APF)
- Leading to massive demonstration within communities ( Philippines for example..)
105
What factors have accelerated globalization ?What implications does it have ?
- Spread of technology, media, culture (mass culture, mcDonalds, Disney), tourism (from those who have disposable income- making international cultures visible) have accelerated globalization.
- Globalization has political and economic aspects, as well as social and cultural ones
106
How does Walter rodney frame development and underdevelopment ?
“Underdevelopment and development are not only comparative term but they a dialectical relationship one to the other; that is to say the two help produce each other by interaction”
107
Which 2 paradigm are necessary to understand development outcomes ?
- centuries of colonial exploitation and a global power imbalance
- state power and state configuration (extractive vs inclusive)
108
When the state is regarded as an Idea, its power can be though in terms of its ___________ but also in terms of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
monopoly over the use of force
social reach
109
What were the legacies of Western Colonialism ?
Legacies of inequality remain today (many of the most unequal countries (GINI) have colonial history)
110
How does the Neo-Weberian view represent the state ? How is its structure ?
the state is an independent actor with its own goal and interest, separate from the of other actors.
the state is not a tool in the hand of the elites, it has its own structure.
111
Depict the inequality within the WTO. What does it lead to ?
- Wealthier and poorer countries don’t play with the same rules - unequal system that disadvantages poorer countries
- This blocks access for producers from developing counties and makes development countries products artificially cheap (underselling)
112
What happened to Hawala after 9/11?
-After 9/11, Western governments feared that hawala was being used to finance terrorists networks and cracked down on them
113
What is a Democracy with Adjective?
- Many newer democracies have not yet reached the consolidation phase
- They still retain authoritarian characteristics
- Researchers added qualifying adjectives to describe them “procedural democracies”, “electoral democracies”
114
What was Varsney findings in terms of ties ? what did the tie create?
- where violence was absent, civic organization (school board, business associations, trade groups) brought Muslims and Hindus together
- Those ties create an absence of violence (not necessarily erasing “differences” but still allowing harmony)
115
How does dependency theory theorizes underdevelopment ?
- active subversion of development
- "Developing" implies a progression towards development but that was not the case - they were actively held back by exploitation
116
By which process do countries become democratic ? What does that process imply ?
Regime Change
- As compared to revolution, regime change involves negotiations and compromise between 2 sides
- Much of the old regime usually remains in place
- Security forces (army, police) are especially hard to remove because they have access to weaponry
117
What is the Lost Decade ? What happned in terms of loans ?
- 1973-4 oil crisis boosted oil costs (so everything became more expensive)
- Regions debt went from \<30B$ in 1970 to over 230B$ in 1980
- Interest rates outstripped growth, in 1982, Mexico threatened to bankrupt
- IFIs stepped in with massive loans (lenders of last resort + loans come with conditions)
- Large UK banks made huge loans to developing countries
118
119
According to Robert Bates, what is needed for politcal order ? What does this suggest ?
“Rulers must “choose to employ the means of coercion to protect the creation of wealth rather than to pray upon it and when private citizens choose to set weapons aside and to devote their time instead to the production of wealth and the enjoyment of leisure”
## Footnote
- Important for the rulers to use to their power for the greater good and for the citizen to produce wealth
- This suggest the importance of a strong, impartial state and the emergence of an upward-mobile society
120
Who are most of the victimes of Boko Haram ?
Most of the people who suffer the worst from these groups are the people on who’s behalf the group claims to be acting
121
In 2015, primary commodities lost nearly _____ of their purchasing power relative to manufactures goods
1/3
122
what are the disadvantages of relying on raw materials (4)
- Raw materials pieces tend to not keep pace with manufactures goods prices int he long term; this means development countries need to produce more to keep up revenue
- Raw materials are subject to broad price fluctuations due to factors beyond the producers control
- Boom and Bust cycles makes it hard for countries to plan
- Plummeting raw material cost can also lead to political shocks (example: Venezuela)
123
Where did the money saved as a result of SAPs went ?
pay down foreign debts
124
SAPs also correlate to ______ (4)
higher infant mortality; lower levels of access to drinking water, lower life expectancy and literacy
125
Most of the time, ISI \_\_\_\_\_\_
did not work
126
How can globalization weaken sovereignty ?
- Multi-national bodies like the UN, EU, WTO can make decision that States are forced to accept (weakens sovereignty by leading countries to play by rules they did not determine/have previously)
- Weakening by undermining the state ability to prevent outside actors to interfere with its internal activities + need for states to respect certain norms, requirements, principles
127
Developing countries have huge obstacles to\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, becausse \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
building an industrial economy
developed nations possesses a comparative advantage in manufactured goods
128
Where does Joel Migdal Locate State power ?
- in the degree to which it exercise social control
- “Social control is the currency over which organizations in an environment of conflict batter one another”
129
What did developing countries needed to do in exchange of loan re-financing? (4)
- to liberalize foreign trade
- devalue currency
- cut social programs such as education housing, and food subsidies
- cut public sector employment and practise state-owned enterprises
130
In neo-webarian view, do state institutions follow the rules of the game and govern impartially for society’s greater good?
it depends on whether the state institutions are inclusive or extractive
131
How was "Clash of Civilization" wrong ?
- grouping of the “African civilization” or the “muslim” grouping since there has been so much conflict within it. Divisions can be more intense within civilization than betweenez them
132
Depict the case study of Chile's democratic transition
Case Study : Chile
Overthrow of Democracy
-Chilean President Allende elected 1971
-Economic downtime, talk of nationalizing Chile’s resource, social unrest destabilized his government
-With US encouragement, army overthrew him 1973
(prior to the coup, long history of stable democracy)
-Siege by Chilean Army of the Moneda Palace (9/11/1973)
Augusto Pinochet
-30 000 arrested, 3,000 killed during Pinochet dictatorship
-Pinochet has ties with Tatcher, Regan - as he was seen as an ally against communism
1988 Plebiscite
-With mounting economic problems, international criticism and Pope jean-haul 2 calling for human rights ; Army called a referendum for Chilean citizens to decide if Pinochet should remain in power
-If not, the army would step aside and half elections for a civilian leader
NO wins, 55.99% to 44.01%
133
What were the impact of SAPs on state spendings ? What this lead to?
- In many cases, states slashed subsidies for food, education, health care, infrastructure, workers laid off, projects requiring public financing shelved, state owned enterprises sold ( once slashed let already vulnerable population on the margin towards much greater insecurity and poverty)
- This worsened outcomes for a majority of citizens, and accelerated impoverishment (pauperization)
134
Why are Diamond shaped societies understood to be more stable?
Diamond shapes societies understood to be more stable, no antsy and restless, ready to rebel people as in the pyramid (poor people with nothing to lose would favour rebellion but the middle class have a little bit more to hold on to which created a buffer for rebellion SO the political system was stable enough to democratize)
135
What are the 3 reasons oil wealth tends to undermine democracy and good governance ?
* *1.**Vast natural resources wealth (esp oil) enable government to collect rents —\> Oil rents can by used instead of tax revenue to buy off population (patronage); governments that don’t collect taxes have no accountability (leading to a divide between public and government)
* *2.**Oil-rich states spend more on security forces to repress the population (rather than education, infrastructure)
* *3.**Economic growth from oil doesn’t produces societal engagement with democracy
136
What are the advantages of the Hawala system?
Advantages: Fees and rates are lower than at banks or credit unions; no paper trail; the transfer is instantaneous
137
Out of fear that they were gonna be terrorism, what did the US do to the ICU?
-Out of fear that they were gonna be terrorism, the US sponsored an attack on them and ended up radicalizing the ICU which morphed into a much more violent/terrorist group now launching attacks
138
Depict the evolution of democratic theory
-theory that emerged after the 3rd wave of democracy
1950S-60s: modernization theory: economic development needs to come first to pave the way to democracy
1990s- present: Democratic transitions literature :many countries have succeed by making the switch to democracy first. Education for the masses and the welfare state are the consequences of democracy rather than a precondition for democracy itself
\*While modernization theory held that countries who democratize prematurely will never see higher stages of development, democratization theory claimed that many countries can actually achieve democracy without economic development
139
Which rates has been corralated with SAPs? How could that be explained ?
higher maternal mortality
## Footnote
- Analysis of 37 African nations, 1990-2005 reveals a causal link between receiving an SAP loan, and higher levels of maternal mortality compared to African nations that don’t get SAP loans
- SAPs require cuts to social welfare spending, give foreign corporations tax-exempt status, depriving African government of revenue’ force privatization of assets like water and education, forcing poor to now pay for services
140
What is the baseline definition of democracy ?
holding free and fair elections every 4 to 6 years
141
Instrumentalism is an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
extention of constructivism
142
"Civil society comprises\_\_\_\_
-“... the entire realm of voluntary associations between the family and the state. It is a vast and complex realm”
143
What may happen to military elements after democratic transition?
Elements from the military force might remain in the new systems (violence, crime )
144
How did the colonizers draw borders? What was the goal of such practices ? What was their impacts ?
-Arbitrarily, often splitting up pre-existing political units and creating territories that were not viable
- Used as a strategy to weaken already existing powers
- Different Ethnic and religious groups were often pitted against each other “Divide and rule”
- Different people put together to control them better too
**Impact :** lasting division and violent legacies within many countries in the developing world
145
What happened to total FDI in the age of globalization ?
-Total FDI has greatly increased over the 35 years (more and more as globalization increases, having uneven impacts for countries)
146
What is an example/case of instrumental division ?
-Chewas and Tumbukas in Malawi and Zambia
-In Malawi, Chewas and Tumbukas are adversaries (there is not violence blowing up however, but they regard each other negatively)
-In Zambia, the very same ethnic groups are allies
-When Malawian politicians seek to build political support bases, they find the Chewas and Tumbukas to be useful building blocks (posner) \*easy to mobilize people on the basis of ethnicity and one of the easiest way to do that is promoting animosity between the group
\*need for out-group to help you understand who you actually are (knowing who you are is knowing who you are not)
-In Zambia, the two groups united in the same political party
-Instrumental explanation to the situation : **Elites manipulate Chewas and Tumbukas to be enemies in Malawi, but allies in Zambia**
147
What does relying too much heavily on comparative advantage entails?
it prevents the diversification of the economy and hinders potential emergence industrial and sectors
148
Who is Robert Putman, what did he claim (3) ?
-American, Author of "Bowling alone"
**In this book, he claimed :**
- Non-political organizations are vital for democracy
- Recreational associations (people coming together) strengthens fabric of society
- The breakdown of these associations lead to a more divided and less “civil” society in which people are more isolated from each other (lack of tolerance and understanding)
149
In Neo-Weberian view, the state is an \_\_\_\_\_
organism
150
Why would someone claim that democratization need to come **after** modernization? What did they suggest ?
-Those who though democracy would have to come after modernization argued that in a democracy, interest groups and police parties compete for state resources and may cause chaos. Authoritarian governments can just focus on strengthening the economy ( authority ruling over people avoiding conflicts… )
151
Define interventionists principles
- The State government (not the private sector) controls and allocates land and natural resources, industries and assets
- States intervene to prevent market failure
152
How do most scholars explain the politics of civil wars and rebellions based on ? What is the issue with that ?
Most scholars explain the politics of civil wars and rebellions based on the motivations of elite (top) leadership (which were mostly male).
by ignoring the grassroots, they ignore women and gendered relationships
153
What was women's implication in revolutions? (3) In which countries women were important members of groups?
- women have often been important members of insurgent groups fighting against colonial or authoritarian regimes (el Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala for example )
- Women played key role in logistics and healthcare, but also on the frontlines in combat roles
-Women making a significant proportions of combatants
154
What is the 3rd wave of democracy ? What triggered it ?
- major surge of democracy in history after the collapse of authoritarian countries
- Term coined by S. Huntington
- Began with fall of Salazar regime in Portugal
- Accelerated through the 1980s and after the Cold War (esp. Latin America, Africa)
- Not confined to the developing world
155
What is path dependency?
-States and society often have difficulty changing their trajectory after formative experiences and processes
156
What is military’s potential threat ?
The military is the force most likely to undermine the process of consolidation
Theres the risk that generals might take decision making away from the government (coup)
157
What can be said about Japanese state intervention ?
“If the Japanese government had accepted the theory of comparative advantage in the 1960s, rather than taking a more interventionist approach and subsidizing certain industries, Sony and Toyota would not have been formed” (Ahearne, p.65)
158
According to Priomordialism , how is identiy marked ?
identity is marked by affectivity : the emotional charge that underlies identity
159
What does constructivism claim ? (4)
- Identity is constructed by historical actors both within and outside a given group
- Ethnic traits are not inborn or inherent; they are acquired through social interaction, shaped by exogenous factors
- Wether we realize it or not, people are socialized into their identities
- Ethnic elites can reinforced ethnic divisions for instrumental reasons - some actors matter more than others in terms of shaping identities which is done deliberately, to reinforce ethnic division
160
Give a comparative example of the uneven impacts of globalization
- China and India have reduced poverty, become major economic powers, most of the data indication a decline in global poverty are driven by these 2 countries (perhaps skewing the data)
- Latin America and Africa have not grown much wealthier since 1990; in fact, their share of global exports has defined since 1945
161
What does Democracy with Adjective imply ? What is a possible issue ?
Expectation built in the terminology for the country to fulfill the remaining criteria - countries need to be given a little to consolidate ? Or does many countries don’t make it pass these early stages ?
If you stretched the concept of democracy too thinly, it becomes meaningless
162
the type of substitutes that allowed the tigers to rise are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
forbidden by the WTO
163
What is Boko Haram ?
What year was it founded ? What year did it split ?
What is its era of operation ?
- Perpetrator of many murderous attacks on civilians, and high profile kidnapping of hundreds of schoolgirls from Chibok
- founded 2002, split 2015
- north-east Nigeria and spreading, porous borders (their activity have been operational in the neighbouring countries, causing a regional problem, leading to closer collaboration between neighbours)
164
What were the impact of colonization on gender?
Colonial power disrupted social orders throughout the developing world, often codifying gender
165
Define ISI
Substituting imports by imposing large tariffs to grow your own sectors (to industrialize)
166
What is the Bishop Maury advice ? What does this speak to?
- Example of slavery abolition advising “Slavery needing to go on for good condition and wealth to be maintained”
- this proves that Rich and poor countries did not happen by accident, they are defined by a history of exploitation
167
According to constructivism, how is identity construcuted ?
Identity is constructed by historical actors both within and outside a given group
168
what is a key indicator of development and women’s rights ? what did it indicate?
- maternal mortality as a key indicator of development and women’s rights
Death of a mother after childbirth indicated poverty and worse gender rights
169
Give an example of modern society in a "developing country"
* *Bolivias Coca Growers Unions**
- Since 1970s, the US policy has emphasized eradication of latin American coca production (killing the crops with interventionist policies to eradicate drugs at their source)
- In Bolivia, growing coca is a traditional cash crop for indigenous Aymara people, not always linked to the cocaine trade. Racial and economic dimension
- Bolivian Coca Growers’ Union focused on economic development and cooperation between government and coca growers
- To de-stigmatize the growing and avoid the destruction of crops, attempting co-existence
- In 2006, former Union head Evo Morales elected to power in Bolivia which impacted things truly
- Overall volume of coca production in Bolivia has declined
-Rural populations given plots devoted to coca growing
-Approach praised by UN office of drugs and crime, condemned by US DEA
-The kind of existence that resulted from this “modern” civil society (mobilization) created some change
\*but not to Romanticize, he is still in power and maybe not so democratic
170
The ICU legitimacy was rooted in\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
enforcing of Shari’a law
171
How does the Neo-Marxian view see investment in the lower classes ?
- even when the state takes steps to improve the lives of the lower class, it is doing so to ensure stability so that powerful groups can profit more
172
What are the 3 implications of the state and civil society in democratic transition ?
- State institutions require a framework of laws constraining state bureaucrats (people who had traditional access to power which they could abuse)
- States needs to establish responsiveness between state and civil society (smooth give and take, a receptiveness on the part of the state, venues in which the citizens can ask though questions)
- Lawmakers and elites must be accountable to each other (accountability from within so that no element of the government is above the law)
173
What contributed to the ISIS conflict ?
-Religious divisions (between Shi’a and Sunni Muslims) t
174
Why is ISIS able to thrive ? How does ISIS operate ?
- Group able to thrive because of states with weakened government due to past events and porous borders
- Weakened states, porous borders have enable militant to move freely
- ISIS operating across borders
- Different ethnic and religious groups spread across territory and ISIS operation overlap with the sunni parts
- ISIS using social media very effectively to recruit and get message out- very media savvy creating images that will travel around the world
175
What is resource privatization? Provide an example? What is the issue with it ?
Government have licensed or sold resources and utility to multinational corporation
Countries like Bolivia and South-Africa have experimented with privatized water
If you privatize (and charge) clean water in a country where the majority is extremely poor- it becomes another form of oppression and Inequality
176
What can be seen as "modern civil society", what does this imply ? What is a notable impact?
- “the part of civil origination into formation NGOs typical of industrialized societies today”
- these NGOs are assisted by the west (funding)
- Often times NGOs disrupt a local civil society ecosystems because of big salaries, big funding draining people away from working for the local government -\*\*\*People going to work for NGOs for a larger wage than if you work for the government
177
Colonies were set up for \_\_\_\_\_\_
extractive purposes
178
Give an example of how ntersectionality is relevant
white, urban-dwelling women in South Africa will have a very different experience of key indicators such as employment, health care, education and childbirth compared to their rural dwelling, black fellow citizens (so not accurate to simply talk of “the women of south-africa” - south africa ranks high in terms of inequality )
179
Depict a case of state power in a poor country.
-Tanzania gained independence from the UK in 1962
-It was poor at the time of independence and highly fragmented, with hundreds of ethnolinguistic groups (which were actually not a odds with each other)
-Tanzania’s first president, Julius Nyerere encouraged national unity, promoted citizenship over ethnicity
-Forging a national identity around everybody being a citizen of Tanzania
-He launched a socialist-inspired, state organized development program based on collective agriculture- this failed to bring growth
-Nyerere also helped to forge a national identity that has provided political stability, even in the absence of prosperity
-The country remained peaceful regarding of no economic growth
Nyerere is highly referred to as “our teacher” as he promoted peaceful citizenship
\*Power of the state to shape the sentiments of the citizens in the absence of true coercive power
180
What is an example of state-directed development ? Depict their strategies (3)
“Asian Tigers” (South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore)
1. State spending : government injected cash into new industries to help them grow
2. Control of labor : government make sure unison weren’t too powerful, worker were therefore paid a living wage but to ensure profit was still big, government made sure the unions were not asking for more pay
3. Investment in human capital : governments subsidized education, training for workforce ( need for skilled and educated workers so theses spendings are a huge investment)
181
Who usually benefits from FDI?
- Political and economic elites in developing countries usually welcome globalization and FDI, and often benefit personally. Corruption reduces distribution of wealth but is also not unique to developing world (ex: Montreal, Trump hotels)
- The poor do no necessarily benefit from FDI
182
What was the goal of modernization theory ?
- Prescribed a formula for newly-independent countries countries to modernize (what states should do to achieve development)
- Aimed to transform economies as well as societies and value systems
-Recommended for the states from traditional to “modern” to facilitate economic development and the conditions for emergence of democracy
183
What is Descriptive representation ?
**Descriptive representation:** the number of women in positions of power and the extend that this mirrors their share of the population at large
184
Democracy is a system in which \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
parties lose elections
not only a question of fair and free elections but a matter of will the losing party accept the outcome and step aside ?
185
What are Inclusive and Extractive states instituions in Weber's view ?
- **Inclusive** institutions seek to represent most or all citizens, and promote development
- **Extractive** institutions help elites extract wealth and “fail to create the incentives needed for people to save, invest and innovate” (The extractive state is the kind of state that marxist would argue that represents all States)
186
Why cant we make generalization about civil society ?
- the different identity and interests are varied witting civil society
- Therefore impossible to make large claim (it doesn’t always challenges the state…status quo, right wing agenda), the KKK is part of “civil society”
187
What can happen If the state has no control?
If the state has no control (let the market do its magic, eliminates safe guards), financial elite can concentrate wealth without limits
188
Which crops were popular during colonilization in Wester Emisphere ? What did their extraction imply ?
-Coffee and sugar were super popular and for this extraction to be profitable : required vast reserves of **cheap labor**, leading to **slavery** and/or indentured servitude (not technically slaves but working slave tasks to earn very minimal gain) -Spur to the transatlantic slave trade + indigenous slave
189
What was the goal of Bolivia's Coca grower union?
To de-stigmatize the growing and avoid the destruction of crops, attempting co-existence
190
Why did colonizers needed to claim territory ?
-Need to control in order to claim territory (others were waiting and watching) , had to be able to enforce tight control and resource extraction
191
When did the Egyptian bread crisis happen ? Explain it
In 1975, Egyptian president Anwar El-Sadat adopted a diplomatic and economic policy of infitah (openness)
- He implemented Western-imposed policies of “streamlining” government spending by cutting state subsidies to basic goods for the poor
- This included cutting the bread subsidy upon which millions of Egyptians relied for their daily subsistence
- Massive riots broke out across population centre in Egypt; over 70 were killed and 500 injured
- Crisis ended when Sadat called in the army and renewed the subsidies
- Saving some money by cutting back was not worth it
192
When and in what context did modernization theory emerge ?
- Emerged among Western police makers and scholars in the 1950s
- Independence was in the air for many countries (foundation of the UN etc..)
- Emerged in European thinking circles so very Eurocentric
193
What was the dual struggle of women in revolutions?
-fighting against an oppressive regime, and struggling against gender discrimination within their own movement
194
In terms of women and revolution, by ignoring ______ , scholards ignore \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the grassroots
women and gendered relationships
195
What destroys civil capital ?
violence
196
Depict an example of Traditional Civil Society
* *The Hawala System**
- This ancient cash-transfer network is used on an honour system (good name matters)
- It has its origins among Silk Road traders in the 8th century
- cheating is punished by effective excommunication and “loss of honour”- leading to economic astracism
- After 9/11, Western governments feared that hawala was being used to finance terrorists networks and cracked down on them
- In areas under its control, on Iraqui and Syrian, the Islamic State has taxed Hawala and Turin it into a revenue stream for its actives
- portrays the potential negative impact of traditional
197
At the village level, what are 4 factors of social capital?
- A study of social capital in hundreds of ciliates thought India found that social capital is internally generated by :
* *1.**Self-initiated orgs (as opposed to those organized be the state)
* *2**.Local leadership (instead of state level leadership)
* *3.**The study found that social capital grows over time
* *4.**High socio-economic inequality can inhibit this growth ( greater the inequality, the less trust) valuable with India, and idea of progress (what happens to social capital in a context of growth and inequality ?)
198
Define Civil society
**Civil Society :** civic organization that are separate from the state (NGOs, unions, labor groups, students associations, regions groups )
-often voluntary associations, and include smaller, community-based groups as well as “large professional, and bureaucratic organizations with large budgets”
199
What is the concept of gender understood as?
-The concept of gender instead highlight the way in which the differences between male and domaine are socially constructed and are thus also historical and culturally variable, rather than innate and constant
200
What are the effects of globalization on goods ? Give an example
- Globalization also means cheaper goods, raising living standards
- BUT
- Cheap foreign goods can bankrupt local industries by under-selling them (example: Chinese goods taking over Africa which fully undermine local industries , textiles for instance)
201
What did Weberian notions opposed ?
This is as opposed to earlier forms of political authority which relied on a leaders charisma, in which there was no clear separation between the private and public spheres. In these earlier forms, typically, that leader’s authority would flow from charisma not from rational legal.
202
Give extreme examples of women's lack of rights.
- women did not have the right to drive (saudi arabia- but that change is very much cosmetic (activist still in prison) )
- women did not have the right to leave the home unaccompanied by a male relative (Afghanistan under the taliban , from the very radical reading of the religion)
203
What happened in 1980s in the global south ? What did that imply in term of IFIs?
- In 1980s, lower global prices for primary commodities triggered “Lost Decade” for global south
- Pushed theses countries into the arms of the IFIs which started to lend them money to manage their deficits)
- Countries became highly dependent on World Bank and IMF loans
204
Compare Posner and Varsney respective views ?
- **Posner** = structure, not the agency of people involved
- **Varsney**= premium of the actions of communities to consciously build bonds within them that withstand the forces of violence
205
What is Charles Tilly saying about state formation ?
“War made the state and the state made war”
206
On a darker note, association can also \_\_\_\_\_\_
reinforce divisions between various groups
207
WB, IMF lending to southern counties took off after \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
1973 oil crisis
208
Define the impact of colonization on gendered law (an prodive an example).
- Colonial authorities sometimes codified custom into law: **for example**, in India, where customary marriage laws were made into law, granting male elders legal authority over women
- Discriminatory laws favouring men undermines women participation in agriculture and other aspects of the economy
209
What happened by the 1970s in Zambia ?
-By the early 1970s, copper prices started to drop dramatically, and Zambia found itself in an economic crisis by the 1980s. Much of the infrastructure that had been invested in began to decay .
210
Depict the state climate of Nigeria (10)
- Colonized by the British in late-19th and early 20th century
- British drew borders arbitrary to bring together many different ethnolinguistic and religious (a country that makes no sense in terms of diverse population- a state that lacked unity from the outset )
- Gained independence in 1960 (kept a lot of the borders)
- religion is only one of the dividing lines between the different groups on Nigeria
- Numerous coups-d’état (checker pattern of governance between difference forms of authority - military state, governments.. , civil war (1967), repeated political violence since then
- Very difficult to govern
- Large territory and very diverse state
- State = patchwork of different ethnic groups, so much diversity
- Nigeria was not always in chaos in division but by in large, the issues that plagued it at the time of independence and colonial history keep resurfacing to this day
211
What factors caused women to join rebel armies (3) ?
* *1.Network ties prior to mobilization :** previous organizational involvement; family ties with guerrillas, living in a refugee camp or repopulated commodity + \*\* - tended to contribute to women joining
* *2.Biographical availability :** was it feasible for them to join ? motherhood (even if sometimes, women did both) ; family completeness; age at mobilization
* *3.Experiences of repression:** women who personally experiences repression were more likely to join, where the government had committed human rights violations and atrocities against local communities, women felt compelled to fight back
212
According to Priomordialism , how are ethnic traits acquired ?
“Ethnic traits are “in born”, they are a set of characteristic that are genetically impritted into a person regardless of their upbringing
213
What is the main source of civil war ?
colonial legacies
214
According to Tocqueville, what civil society promoted? (2)
- Promoted tolerance for different ideas and attitudes
- Voluntary associations mediate between individuals and the state
215
What is Substantive representation ? What does it imply?
**Substantive representation :** the promotions of women’s interest
- the mere fact of women’s presence in politics does not necessarily translate into greater advocacy on behalf of omens rights
- need to dig down and look at if women rights manifest
216
In the constructivism view, who can reinforce divisons and for what purpose ?
Ethnic elites can reinforced ethnic divisions for instrumental reasons - some actors matter more than others in terms of shaping identities which is done deliberately, to reinforce ethnic division
217
Depict an example of comparative advantage and reliance.
-Zambia
- Zambia gained its independence from UK in 1964
- “ The Cooper Belt”
- For the first 10 years of independence, the global copper boom made Zambia a middle-income country
- They were hopeful that overtime, their economy would rise and strengthen. Hope for Zambia, from its strong copper economy, to follow the modernization theory path (steady growth overtime)
- By the early 1970s, copper prices started to drop dramatically, and Zambia found itself in an economic crisis by the 1980s. Much of the infrastructure that had been invested in began to decay. This led to the “lost decade”.
- Beginning in the early 2000s, rising Chinese demand for copper boosted Zambia’s economy again
- But that 2000s boom also declined, Zambia economic growth also slowed
- Copper accounts for 40% of Zambia’s GDP and 74% of export revenues
- Factors that Zambia has no control upon that has a huge impact on its economy
218
What did modernization theory stressed the importance of ?
- a strong middle class
219
What tension usually rises within the military when democratization is upon a state ?
- There are usually hard-liners (want to resist democracy because 1) to keep power to themselves, 2) ideology objection, 3) pragmatic because of blood on their hand and want to avoid trial) and soft-liners (in favour of democratization, they feel time for change has come, they stand for the country to prosper much more, they want to end the global isolation caused by non-democracy, craving international approval) within an authoritarian regime - there is usually tension between these two
- Leaders (of the security forces) give political freedoms in exchange for no violence, immunity form prosecution, economic and political privileges
220
What happened in Tanzania in terms of state power ?
\*Power of the state to shape the sentiments of the citizens in the absence of true coercive power
221
What leads us to question gender dichotomy?
-social and behaviour characters assigned to men and women vary through space
222
To help developing countries manage their debts, the IMF and the WB \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
imposed ecnomic conditions: conditionality.
223
What did Marx Weber defined the state as?
“a human community that successfully claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory”
-State as monopoly having all the power, having the means and the legitimacy in the eyes of the population.
224
In neo-marxian view, whatever the state does, it does on behalf of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
powerful groups
225
Civil society exists at the _____ , not the ______ level
associate
individual
226
What is the no campaing slogan ? What does it imply ?
La alegria ya viene (Joy is coming)
Focused on joy to avoid repression from violent regime and decided appeal to the populist by speaking in general terms of brighter tomorrow avoiding dark themes
227
What did the no coalition lead before voting day ?
Before voting day on Oct. 5 1988, the No coalition led a massive grassroots effort to register 92 percent of the electorates
228
Who sided with pinochet?
inochet had the support of all of the army and the support of the business community
229
Who sided with the no colation? Why?
. We had the students, we had human rights, we had very well-structured political parties, and we had the people in the streets in order
Support from the “ordinary” people because of the bad economic situation and they were suffering from the regime
230
What were compromise during democratic transition in chile ?
Chilean military officers remained immune from prosecution
Pinochet still chief of armies, 1990-98
231
What does the authoritarina elements in Chile's new democracy imply ?
Casting an authoritarian light over the new democracy
Transition is not complete because within the security forces there is still elects of authoritarian elements
232
Repression leave _____________ even after transition
an imprint on the state for a very long time
233
Who was Michelle Bachelet?
Chile's president from 2006-10 to 2014-17
Activist emprisoned during the regime served 2 terms as president
Her father was killed because of activism under the Pinochet
234
Who is Aung San Suu Kyi ? What was she criticized for ?
1988: Founded and led the National League for Democracy
She was also the daughter of a murdered activist
1990: Won elections held by the military regime, with 59% of the vote; military annulled the results and cracked down
1989-2010: Suu Kyi placed under house arrest for her pro-democracy activism
1991 : Suu Kyi awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
After her released in 2010, NLD became active in Burmese politics
Burmese army maintains a grip on power, but put a minority of seats in legislature up for election: NLD most of them in 2012-16 : Suu Kyi became opposeton leader and parliament member
2016: Elected state counsellor
Criticized for accepting a position in a government where the army was still powerful that would kind of legitimized their presence
Criticized for her silence on military’s persecution of minty Rohingya Muslims
235
Name two case inspired by 3rd wave democracy
Myamar and Chile
236
What does Aung San Suu Kyi situation speak to ?
Speaks to complexity when the military retains all power - how authoritarian traits are very hard to dissolve
237
What is the end of Transition Paradigm?
Scholars, policymakers have assumed that “democracies with adjectives” are on a linear path towards democracy. In reality, many of them are not.
Questioning if :
Is democratization a natural, ineluctable process ?
Do elections generate broader democratic reforms ?
238
What is the "Gray zone"
Category of countries that form a category of their own rather than democacies with adjectives- where elections may not deepen democratic participation and accountability. They are not expected to be on a path
239
What is democracy and insecurity? Give an example
Situation where democracy means free markets and the spread of insecurity. Elite can afford security but, in many democracies, a majority are exposed to daily violence and insecurity
240
Give an example of democracy and insecurity.
Brazil Transitioned from military dictatorship to democracy in 1985
For years afterward, the security forces continued to hold much power
Brazil’s economy has grown very powerful
But it also has one of the greatest gap between rich and poor in the world
A chronic aspect of Brazil’s politics emerged in that context : plagued by very high levels of violent crime by individuals, drug gangs, and police
**Urban violence:**
Drug gangs are so powerful in some cities that they have the weaponry to shoot down police helicopters (police lacking power and legitimacy in these areas)
Vast slums (flavelas) are governed by gangs : citizens there experience the state mainly via police raids
In these areas, they don’t feel the presence of the state
241
Democratization often follows the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. What does that imply ?
-Neo-liberal, Washington Consensus model
This means that citizens get political rights, but elites hold on to out wealth
Marginalization and poverty persist
Important continuities with authoritarianism
POLI 227
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