1
Q
Emergent properties
A
- Properties that emerge at each level that were not present in the preceding one
- Due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
2
Q
Properties of life
A
- Life is highly organized
- Life requires a constant input of energy and raw materials
- Life has a strong homeostatic quality
- Life makes many short-term responses to stimuli in the surroundings
- Life reproduces itself
- Life adapts through evolution
- Growth and development
- Movement
3
Q
Levels of biological organization
A
- Chemical o Carbohydrates o Lipids o Proteins o Nucleic acids - Cellular o Tissues o Organs o Organ systems - Ecological o The organism o Populations o Communities o Ecosystems o Biosphere
4
Q
What makes a good hypothesis?
A
- Why did it do that? Or what made that happen? Question. Tests support the hypothesis
- “If… then” statement
5
Q
Describe deductive reasoning and hypothesis testing
A
- Deductive reasoning leads to predictions described as a form of “if… then” reasoning
6
Q
Function of a control group
A
Compare other results to - white mice on a sandy beach next to brown mice
7
Q
Draw, label, and explain the three particles that make up the atom
A
- Protons, neutrons, electrons
- Protons and neutrons make up the nucleus of an atom, and create the nuclear charge
- Electrons orbit the nucleus and balance out the positive charge to make the overall element neutral
8
Q
What is an isotope?
A
- Elements that have the same atomic number but a different atomic weight
o More or less neutrons (carbon 14)
9
Q
What is an ion?
A
- An element with more or less electrons than its neutral state
10
Q
What are covalent bonds?
A
- When two atoms share one electron
11
Q
Ionic bonds?
A
- When one atom gives an electron to another atom
12
Q
Hydrogen bonds and why they relate to water
A
- Noncovalent attraction between hydrogen and an electronegative atom
- Allows water molecules to connect and reconnect multiple times
13
Q
What is a polar covalent bond and why do they form?
A
- Electrons aren’t shared equally in a bond where one element is more electronegative than the other
14
Q
Why is H2O polar
A
- Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen so it attracts the electrons form hydrogen.
15
Q
Cohesion
A
- Water molecules stick to each other through H bonds
- When water molecules are attracted to other surfaces it’s called adhesion
16
Q
How water moves upward in the xylem tissue of a plant
A
- When water evaporates from leaves it causes pressure which brings water up from the roots, because all the water molecules are connected they pull each other up. (this is known as transpiration)
17
Q
What is temperature?
A
- The average kinetic energy of molecules in one area
18
Q
Reasons for waters high Cs
A
- Imagine energy is added (Bunsen burner) to a water molecule, this will make the molecule go faster, but because of hydrogens nature and it’s bonding with the water molecules, it’s harder to get them all to start moving. Same concept for cooling down, you have to slow them all down. It’s easier to calm down one three year old than it is to calm down 50 3 year olds.
19
Q
How evaporation lowers the temperature of the water fluid
A
- If water molecules leave the water, by breaking the h bonds, he takes his kinetic energy, leaving the rest with a lower average energy, which results in a lower temperature.
20
Q
Why does ice float
A
- The structure of water takes on a organized position when it is ice, because the molecules don’t move. This results in ice having a lower density than water
21
Q
three types of isomers
A
- Structural
- Geometric
- Enantiomer
22
Q
name all the chemical groups listed in figure 3.6 on page 47
A
hydroxyl -OH carbonyl C=O carboxyl -COOH amino group -NH2 sulfhydryl group -SH phosphate group -OPO3 methyl group -CH3
23
Q
Hydroxyl groups
A
- If there is an OH on a carbon chain, it is a hydroxyl group, common in alcohols
24
Q
Carbonyl
A
- Double bonded oxygen stuck on the side or end of a chain of carbons
o either a ketone (middle of chain) or a
o aldehyde (end of chain)
25
Carboxyl
- Combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl, very common
o H on the OH tends to fall off, which ionizes the hydroxyl group. Often referred to as a carboxylic acid. –“ donates a hydrogen ion
26
Amino
- Have nitrogen in them
o Very common in a group used to make proteins, they pick up hydrogen very easily and become positive charged – acts as a base
27
Sulfhydryl
- Like hydroxyl, but instead of OH, it’s SH (sulfur atom),
28
Phosphate
- Phosphorus atom in the middle surrounded by four O atoms, one of which is double bonded, two of them O negative. Phosphate always has a double negative charge.
29
Methyl
- Carbon attached to the chain, the other three are hydrogens
30
Describe what dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions are
- Dehydration synthesis is the process that links monomers together, hydrolysis is the reverse.
- Dehydration removes a water molecule, forming a new bond. Hydrolysis adds one
31
Difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
- Long chains of simple sugars
- Mono is one chain, di is two, and poly is three or more
- Linked together by a glycosidic link
32
Difference between starch and cellulose
- Starch is the simplest polysaccharide chain of glucose
- Cellulose is the principle constituent in plant cell walls
o Is unsoluble
33
One distinguishing characteristic possessed by all lipids
hydrophobic
34
Difference between saturated an unsaturated fatty acids
- Saturated all have single bonds, cannot add any more hydrogens
- Unsaturated have double bonds and aren’t linear
o If multiple double bonds are present it is polyunsaturated
35
Describe how triacylglycerol molecules are formed. What is their function and where are they found?
- 3 long chain fatty acids attached to a 3 carbon molecule known as glycerol
- They store energy, present in animal fats and plant oils
36
Structure of phospholipids and where they’re found
- Two fatty acid chains and one phosphate groups y structure
- Head is hydrophilic, tails are hydrophobic. Found in cell membranes
37
What makes amino acids different?
- Each amino acid has a different polar side chain
- Shape of amino acids is determined by how the side chains interact
- Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds carboxyl to amino groups.
38
Nuclear envelope
- Double membrane that binds the nucleus
39
Endoplasmic reticulum
- Forms an extensive membrane system in the cytoplasm of the cell
- Smooth or rough rough has ribosomes, smooth does not
40
Transport vesicles
- Bud off the ER and carry their content to the forming face of the golgi apparatus cis
41
Golgi bodies
- Stack of flattened cisternae, cis-trans. Proteins are transported from the golgi apparatus once modified
42
Golgi vesicles
- Bud off the golgi apparatus carrying the modified proteins trans
43
Lysosomes
- Membrane bound sacs containing digestive enzymes synthesized and packaged by the golgi apparatus
44
Describe the structure and function of ribosomes
- Provide a site for protein synthesis, look like little mounds of fufu
45
Describe the structure and function of mitochondria
- Energy producing organelles found in animal cell, cite of cellular respiration
- Cells that need a lot of energy contain large amounts of mitochondria
- Little jelly beans with an inner and outer membrane, filled in a maze pattern with cytoplasm
46
Describe the structure and function of chloroplasts
- Energy producing organelles found in plant cells, cite of photosynthesis
- Three membranes (stroma is the where the light independent reactions of photosynthesis occur) and stacks of disks in the inside granum
47
Describe the three main components of the cytoskeleton
- Microtubules help maintain cell shape, part of cilia, centrioles, and flagella
- Centrioles small clusters of microtubules arranged in a tubular bundle
- Basal Bodies hair-like moveable projections (cilia and flagella)
48
Plasmodesmata
- Cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells
49
Tight junctions
- Prevent fluid from moving across a layer of cells
50
Desmosomes
- Function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets
51
Gap junctions
- Two cells are separated by a small gap
| - Help coordinate the activities of adjacent cells
52
Why do phospholipids behave as they do in water?
- One side is hydrophobic and the other hydrophilic
53
Define and describe the process of diffusion, and osmosis
- Diffusion is the movement of ions or molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of lower concentration
- Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semi permeable membrane
54
Describe the purpose and function of contractile vacuoles
- Single cell protozoans who live in fresh water (hypotonic) need to constantly pump water out of their cells
- Expands to absorb water, then quickly contract to release it
55
How does active transport differ from passive transport?
- Active is the movement of cells across a membrane but to a higher gradient against the gradient
o Pushing the ball back up the hill
- Passive moves cells to a lower gradient, doesn’t require any energy
56
Phagocytosis
- Cell eating, when a white cell devours other cells
| - Form of endocytosis
57
Pinocytosis
- Form of endocytosis
| - Cell continually gulps droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles
58
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
- Specialized type of pinocytosis
| - Enables the cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances
59
Exocytosis
- Material are expelled from the cell
60
Define kinetic, potential, chemical, and heat energy\
- motion, stored, electron bonds, particle movement
61
Define and describe the first law of thermodynamics
- Law of conservation of energy
62
Define and describe the second law of thermodynamics
- Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
63
Exergonic Reaction (exothermic)
- Energy is released spontaneous reaction
64
Endergonic Reaction (endothermic)
- Energy is added nonspontaneous reaction
65
Define and describe the basic structure of ATP
- Made of adenine and ribose and three phosphate groups (adenosine triphosphate)
- Used in cell life forms as an energy currency
- Universal molecule of energy transfer
- Looks like a sideways snowman made of polygons
66
What is an enzyme?
- Biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions in cells but are not consumed in those reactions
- They are proteins with specific three dimensional shaped which gives them substrate specificity
67
How does an enzyme speed up a chemical reaction?
- Enzymes act to contort and destabilize the chemical bonds of the substrate molecules. This is called lowering the activation energy (EA)
68
What is meant by the term “substrate specificity” of an enzyme?
- Shape of the enzyme will only match a certain substrate
69
Describe (with diagrams) how substrate concentration, temp, and pH effect the rate of an enzyme catalyzed reaction
- Substrate – eventually gets so concentrated that it doesn’t produce any faster (atm example)
- Temp – once it passes a certain point it starts to denature (lab)
- pH – each has an optimum pH
70
Metabolic pathways
- In most cases one enzyme isn’t enough, so they work in a chain to reach the end product
71
Catabolic pathways
- Breaks large substrates into smaller parts
72
Anabolic pathways
- Builds up larger molecules from smaller substrates
Bio 1115
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