1
Q
Whare are the origin of the word “History”?
A
Greek word “Historia”
2
Q
What are the 3 sources used to study history?
A
- Written
- Material
- Oral
3
Q
What is Primary and Secondary source?
A
Primary: A document created at the time of the event
Secondary: a document that analyzes a primary source
4
Q
What are the Aspects of a society?
A
SPECTS
- Social
- Political
- Economic
- Cultural
- Territorial
- Scientific
5
Q
What does Social Aspect mean and give examples
A
Everything related to People
- Population
- Groups
- Education
- Health
6
Q
What does Political Aspect mean and give examples
A
Everything related to laws
- War
- Justice
- Laws
- Government
- State
7
Q
What does Economic Aspect mean and give examples
A
Everything related to money
- Currency
- Trade
- Production
- Labor
8
Q
What does Cultural Aspect mean and give examples
A
Everything related to art and communication
- Language
- Leisure activities
- Theater
- Music
9
Q
What does territorial Aspect mean and give examples
A
Everything related to land
- Cities
- Bodies of water
- Borders
- Countries
- Infrastructure (buildings)
10
Q
What does Scientific Aspect mean and give examples
A
Everything related to technology
- Inventions
- Tools
- Discoveries
- Technologies
11
Q
What is the Common Era?
A
The period that starts with the birth of Jesus Christ
12
Q
What important event marks the start of the Common Era
A
Birth of Jesus Christ
13
Q
What year separates BCE and CE
A
1
14
Q
How many years are there in:
1. a decade?
2. a century?
3. a millennium?
A
- 10
- 100
- 1000
15
Q
Give the principal roman numbers
A
I = 1
V = 5
X = 10
L = 50
C = 100
D = 500
M = 1000
16
Q
What is CXIX in Arabic numbers?
A
119
17
Q
What is CMLIV in Arabic numbers?
A
954
18
Q
What is LI in Arabic numbers?
A
51
19
Q
What is the start date and end date of the 5th century?
A
Start date: 401
End date: 500
20
Q
What is the start date and end date of the 1st century BCE
A
Start date: 100 BCE
End date: 1 BCE
21
Q
What is the start date and end date of the 16th century BCE
A
Start date: 1600 BCE
End date: 1501 BCE
22
Q
What is MMXXV in Arabic number?
A
2025
23
Q
What is MCMXC in Arabic number?
A
1990
24
Q
When did the first humans appeared and where?
A
In Africa
2,500,000 years ago
25
What are "favorable conditions" for an area to be chosen as a good place for permanent settlement?
Waterways
Fertile Soil
Mild climate
Food sources
26
In what year did some groups began building permanent dwellings and gradually stopped moving from place to place?
10,000 BCE
27
What does Nomadic mean?
Humans that moved around a lot to find food.
They are called nomads.
28
In which period did humans become sedentary?
Neolithic Period
29
How did the first humans lived?
They were nomadic
30
What does Forage mean?
Search for food
31
Why did humans first settle in the "Fertile Crescent" region?
The conditions were favorable:
- It was easier to have food.
- Fertile Soil
- Mild climate
- Rivers
32
What 2 continents does the "Fertile Crescent" connect?
Africa and Asia
33
What rivers are in the "Fertile Crescent"
Nile
Jordan River
Euphrates River
Tigris River
34
What does Homo sapiens mean?
Homo = Human
Sapiens = Intelligent
35
Homo sapiens are thought to have appeared in which continent and in what year?
Africa
-300,000 (or 300,000 BCE)
36
What are the 2 main periods dividing the Prehistory?
Paleolithic Period (first and longer)
Neolithic Period
37
Why did the first humans (Homo sapiens) differ from other primates?
They stood upright
They walked on 2 legs
Had larger brains
Made tools
38
What does Paleolithic mean?
Paleo = Old
lithic = Stone
39
What event marks the beginning of the Paleolithic Period?
The first humans (Homo Sapiens)
40
How was the climate and environment during the Paleolithic Period?
Hostile (difficult)
Serie of Ice Ages and periods of warming
41
During the Paleolithic, what were territories composed of?
Forest and meadows
42
What did the Dwellings (Shelters) look like in the Paleolithic Period
Dwellings were temporary
-Tents
-huts
-Caves
43
Why did humans move from one place to another in the Paleolithic period?
Because the resources varied with seasons, migration of animals and growth cycles of plants
44
What are the 3 forms of subsistence activities in the Paleolithic period?
Hunting
Fishing
Foraging
45
Paleolithic humans are called "Hunter-gatherers", what does it mean?
They did not cultivate their food, but search for wild plants and fruits to eat, and walked around the land to hunt and fish
46
What were human eating during the Paleolithic period?
- plants
- fruits
- meat (hunting)
- Fish
47
What are the key events of the Paleolithic?
What are the key events of the Paleolithic?
- Appearance of Humans
- Master Fire
- Development of language
- Production of the first Tools
48
What were the tools made of in the Paleolithic Period?
Stones that they shaped
Wood
animal bones
49
What does Neolithic mean?
Neo = new
Lithic = Stone
50
In what year did the Neolithic period begin and end?
Begin: -10,000 (or 10,000 BCE)
End: -3,500 (or 3,500 BCE)
51
What was the major changes in the way of life in the Neolithic Period?
- Humans became sedentary (Dwelling are Permanent)
- They became producers
52
What event marks the start of the Neolithic period?
Humans became sedentary
53
Why was climate change important in the Neolithic period?
It allowed humans to change their way of life and become sedentary.
-Fishing becomes easier.
( More waterways from the melting of glaciers)
-Foraging becomes easier
( A warmer, wetter climate produces fertile soils that promote plant growth)
-Hunting and livestock farming become easier
(Smaller, less threatening animals replace lage animals)
54
What are the 2 main reasons that allowed the humans to change their way of life and become sedentary and have permanent homes?
-Climate change
-Abundance of food
55
How did the tools changed in the Neolithic Period?
They are elaborate tools.
Made from polished stones (smooth), wood and bones
56
What changed in the dwellings during the Neolithic period?
They became permanent
57
How did human discover agriculture?
Some human observed that when seeds fall to the ground they grow to become plants.
So they began planting seeds.
58
In early settlements, what did houses look like? Later on, what did houses look like and why?
Early settlements:
- They were round
Later:
-They became rectangular
- Easier to divide and enlarge by adding rooms.
59
What was the population of the first settlement (Mallaha) compare to the settlement of (Motza) and compared to the settlement of (Çatal Hüyük)?
Mallaha: 200 to 300
Motza: 2000 to 3000
Çatal Hüyük: 3,500 to 8,000
60
When were the settlement of Mallaha, the settlement of Motza and the settlement of Çatal Hüyük ?
Mallaha: 12,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE
Motza: 8,500 BCE to 6,000 BCE
Çatal Hüyük: 7,500 BCE to 6,000 BCE
61
How were dwellings build in the settlement of Mallaha, Motza and the settlement of Çatal Hüyük?
Mallaha: round made of stone
Motza: rectangular made of stone and mud bricks
Çatal Hüyük: Rectangular houses, dug into the ground, mud brick walls
62
What does Property mean?
Something that belongs to a person or group
63
Explain the concept of Property development
They took possession of a territory to:
Producing their food
- to protect it
- defend their crops and animals from thieves
64
The division of labour led to an increase in what?
Bartering
65
What led to food surplus?
Agricultural tools and techniques improved
66
What do we call barter or exchange of goods?
Trade
67
Define Barter
Trade goods or services in exchange for other goods or services
68
Give 2 examples of Division of Labour
- Farmers work in food production
- Artisans work in the production of object
69
Why were the societies able to bring the concept of Division of Labour?
Since there was enough food for everyone, it was no longer necessary for everyone to work in the fields
70
What advantage did the barter bring to farmers and artisans?
-Farmers could acquire better farming tools
- Artisans received food to ensure their family's survival
71
Did trade only occur inside a settlement?
No Trade also took place between remote settlements
72
What is needed when a large number of inhabitants live together in settlements?
Rules and organization
73
What caused a Social Hierarchy to gradually developed?
-Agriculture
-Division of labour
-Population growth
74
What are remains?
Physical evidence of a past society
75
What do we call structure consisting of one or more large stones?
Megalith
76
Give 3 examples of remains
- Megaliths
- Tombs
- Rock painting
77
Were can we find clues (indice) about how societies were structured?
Tombs
78
What can be found in tombs?
- Jewelry
- Precious objects
79
What was represented in Rock Paintings?
Scenes of everyday life
(animals, people, dwellings, weapons)
80
What were Rock paintings were associated with?
Spiritual beliefs
81
Name the first four civilizations.- Mesopotamia
-Mesopotamian civilization
-Civilization of Nile Valley
-Civilization of the Indus Valley
-Chinese civilization
82
What are the four major rivers where societies transitioned to sedentary lifestyles and agriculture?
- Tigris and Euphrates rivers (Mesopotamia)
- Nile River (Egypt)
- Indus River (Pakistan)
- Huang-He River (China)
83
Why did civilizations develop near major waterways?
Fertile soil
84
What marks the start and end of Antiquity?
Start:
- The invention of writing
- The formation of city-states (ex: Mesopotamia)
End:
- The fall of the Western Roman Empire
85
What geographical feature did the first civilizations have in common?
A waterway or major rivers
86
What time period does Antiquity refer to?
3500 BCE to year 476
87
How do soil become fertile close to rivers?
Heavy rainfall can cause the water level to rise and rivers overflow and flood.
When the rains are over, water level drops and leaves behind deposits which enrich the soil and facilitate (helps) agriculture
88
Why was a canal system designed in the Fertile Crescent?
To distribute water when rivers become almost completely dry.
89
Name the different parts of irrigation farming/water distribution system
Reservoir: It a place that stores water for dry periods
Dike: Barrier to prevent land from flooding
Canal: Distribution system to move water around (drain area that are wet or irrigate dry areas)
90
What is the meaning of Mesopotamia
meso” = middle or between
potamos” = river
91
Why did Mesopotamians need irrigation?
- Mesopotamia hot very hot summers and limited rainfall. Agriculture could not rely on rain alone, so water had to be brought to fields.
- The rivers flooded irregularly—sometimes too much, sometimes too little. Irrigation canals allowed farmers to store and distribute water when needed.
- Irrigation meant consistent crop yields, enabling food surpluses (trade)
92
Why was it important to live near major rivers?
- Water supply
- Fertile Soil
- Transportation and trade
93
Give the role of:
1. The Artisan
2. The Farmer
3. Merchant
1. Make
2. Produce
3. Barter/Trade
94
What are the 3 stages in the evolution of cuneiform writing?
1. Pictograms (drawing of objects, animals and people)
2. Logograms (Syllables and words were represented by symbols)
3. Cuneiform writing (Stylized symbols, using a simple form)
95
Writing allowed the Mesopotamians to do what?
- Keep records of commercial transactions
- Coordinate farm work and manage surpluses
- Plan the development of the territory
96
What material and what tool was used as a medium for writing?
Clay
Stylus (made from wood and plants)
97
What were called the people who knew how to read and write?
Scribes
98
Why were scribes important?
They were the only people able to read and write
99
Characteristics of early Mesopotamian city-states
1. Each was independent and autonomous
2. Some had more than 50,000 inhabitants
3. King governed and supervised each city-state
4. Army responsible for protecting the territory and its inhabitants
5. city-states had rivalries and often waged war against each other
6. Each was surrounded by a wall (fortification), and had temples and a royal palace
7. Heart of political, administrative, economic, and religious life in the region
8. They were centres for bartering and other forms of trade
100
What were the Social hierarchy groups?
King
Nobility
Populace
Enslaved people
101
What is the oldest code of law, when was it written and who ordered the writing?
Code of Hammurabi
Written around 1750BCE
King Hammurabi of Babylon
102
How many rules were there in The Code of Hammurabi?
282 rules
103
What were the 282 rules of The Code of Hammurabi about?
- Trade
- Architecture
- Irrigation
- Farm work
- Violent crimes
104
What medium was the code written on?
Stele
105
What did the Mesopotamian people believe in?
Multiple deities (divinités) (gods and goddesses)
King chosen by the gods
Sacred temples and Ziggurats
106
Why did Mesopotamians build colossal temples?
- Honour the gods
- Provide a suitable home for the gods
- A way to display the wealth of the city-state
107
Who wrote the Epic of Gilgamesh and what is it about?
It was written by the Mesopotamian.
It’s the world’s oldest surviving epic about the King of Uruk
108
Describe a Ziggurat
An enormous temple in the shape of a pyramid, as high as seven storeys.
109
What did Ziggurats represent in Mesopotamian society?
-Demonstrated wealth of the society
110
What is the meaning of Ziggurat?
High place
111
Why was writing esesntial for the construction of ziggurats?
- The construction was complexe
- Precise planning and management were required
112
What is a period?
A span of time characterized by specific developments
113
What is an era?
A period of time in history that starts with a very important event
114
What is a society?
A group of people living together in an organized way and occupying a specific territory
115
What is an Artifact?
Object made or transformed by humans often discovered during archaeological excavations
History
flashcards
Decks in class (19)
# Cards
-
History & Citizenship Grade 759
-
Sedentary Societies22
-
The Paleolithic Period24
-
The Neolithic period24
-
Societies Structured27
-
Social hierarchy and power in the Neolithic period20
-
Where and when51
-
Why was writing important for the social and political structure of mesopotamia48
-
Mid-Year Test115
-
Greek territory and city-states25
-
How did Athens become a Powerful city-state? The Greco-Persian Wars29
-
What was political life like in Athens?23
-
Public spaces in Athens12
-
What were the social groups of ancient Athens25
-
What defined Greek culture in Antiquity34
-
Expansion of the Territory of Rome during Antiquity21
-
How did the city-state of Rome Become a Vast Empire?27
-
How was the Roman empire Governed34
-
Roman Law16
